Vergence eye movements

Abstract

The extensive and scattered literature on vergence eye movements is reviewed. Topics covered include the neural innervation to vergence, active versus passive divergence, muscular control, the accuracy of vergence, the interaction from vergence to accommodation, the independence of vergence and version, the sharing of responsibility with other eye movement controllers, the anatomical and physiological resting point, prediction and learning, drug effects, and the stimuli to vergence, i.e. fusion, accommodation and proximity.Results from ophthahnology, physiology, as well as bioengineering are discussed, using control systems theory as a tool for description and explanation. It is argued that in this area the systems approach is the most appropriate method for interpreting experimental results. Finally, a model that attempts to integrate the results into a theory of vergence is proposed. On the one hand the model suggests possible explanations. On the other, where the model is inadequate it serves to direct attention either to modifications of the theory or to areas where further experimentation is indicated.

An Eye-Tracking Dataset for Viewing Distance Categories in Real-World Scenarios

“…In addition, we conducted feature importance analyses using SHapley Additive ex-Planation (SHAP) 86 , and the results are shown in Figure 6. The SHAP results showed that computed vergence angle and vergence-based viewing distance were important features for viewing-distance classification, consistent with prior work [15][16][17] . This supports the usefulness of vergence-related features for viewing-distance category estimation.…”

An Eye-Tracking Dataset for Viewing Distance Categories in Real-World Scenarios

“…In addition, we conducted feature importance analyses using SHapley Additive ex-Planation (SHAP) 86 , and the results are shown in Figure 6. The SHAP results showed that computed vergence angle and vergence-based viewing distance were important features for viewing-distance classification, consistent with prior work [15][16][17] . This supports the usefulness of vergence-related features for viewing-distance category estimation.…”

Experimental evidence for separate mechanisms mediating accommodative vergence and vergence accommodation

“…Most subjects under these circumstances report blur, rather than diplopia (double vision), a result consistent with findings that the isolated disparity vergence system demonstrates tighter tracking of the stimulus with much smaller sustained errors (Toates, 1976). Finally, the model configuration helps explain the experimental results of Semmlow & Heerema(1979a), which demonstrated that the fusional vergence component is greater than predicted by the traditional Maddox structuring of vergence components.…”

Simultaneous measurement of lens accommodation and convergence in natural and artificial 3D vision

“…Other researchers have reported that an accommodation–vergence mismatch can create problems such as eyestrain and visual discomfort due to the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence . However, in this experiment, we found no mismatch in accommodation and vergence, at least in the young subjects used.…”

An Eye-Tracking Dataset for Viewing Distance Categories in Real-World Scenarios

“…In addition, we conducted feature importance analyses using SHapley Additive ex-Planation (SHAP) 86 , and the results are shown in Figure 6. The SHAP results showed that computed vergence angle and vergence-based viewing distance were important features for viewing-distance classification, consistent with prior work [15][16][17] . This supports the usefulness of vergence-related features for viewing-distance category estimation.…”

Experimental evidence for separate mechanisms mediating accommodative vergence and vergence accommodation

“…Most subjects under these circumstances report blur, rather than diplopia (double vision), a result consistent with findings that the isolated disparity vergence system demonstrates tighter tracking of the stimulus with much smaller sustained errors (Toates, 1976). Finally, the model configuration helps explain the experimental results of Semmlow & Heerema(1979a), which demonstrated that the fusional vergence component is greater than predicted by the traditional Maddox structuring of vergence components.…”

Simultaneous measurement of lens accommodation and convergence in natural and artificial 3D vision

“…Other researchers have reported that an accommodation–vergence mismatch can create problems such as eyestrain and visual discomfort due to the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence . However, in this experiment, we found no mismatch in accommodation and vergence, at least in the young subjects used.…”

An Eye-Tracking Dataset for Viewing Distance Categories in Real-World Scenarios

“…In addition, we conducted feature importance analyses using SHapley Additive ex-Planation (SHAP) 86 , and the results are shown in Figure 6. The SHAP results showed that computed vergence angle and vergence-based viewing distance were important features for viewing-distance classification, consistent with prior work [15][16][17] . This supports the usefulness of vergence-related features for viewing-distance category estimation.…”

Experimental evidence for separate mechanisms mediating accommodative vergence and vergence accommodation

“…Most subjects under these circumstances report blur, rather than diplopia (double vision), a result consistent with findings that the isolated disparity vergence system demonstrates tighter tracking of the stimulus with much smaller sustained errors (Toates, 1976). Finally, the model configuration helps explain the experimental results of Semmlow & Heerema(1979a), which demonstrated that the fusional vergence component is greater than predicted by the traditional Maddox structuring of vergence components.…”

Simultaneous measurement of lens accommodation and convergence in natural and artificial 3D vision

“…Other researchers have reported that an accommodation–vergence mismatch can create problems such as eyestrain and visual discomfort due to the discrepancy between accommodation and convergence . However, in this experiment, we found no mismatch in accommodation and vergence, at least in the young subjects used.…”