Physiological mechanisms underlying children's circannual growth patterns and their contributions to the obesity epidemic in elementary school age children

Moreno, Jennette P.; Crowley, Stephanie J.; Alfano, Candice A.; Thompson, Debbe

doi:10.1111/obr.12973

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 95 publications

(149 reference statements)

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“…The CCR Model of accelerated summer weight gain proposed that the lack of social demands during summer would result in more variable sleep timing, which may increase the risk of circadian misalignment during summer contributing to accelerated summer weight gain [26,27]. However, the current study found no evidence of school-summer differences in the variability of sleep timing and there was no association of variability in sleep timing with children's change in BMI during the school year or summer.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

“…The effect of age was allowed to vary across participants and controlled for differences in the number of days between BMI assessments across participants. Variables were selected a priori for inclusion in the model based on theory [26,27] and previous research demonstrating differences in children's sleep across sex [55], race [56], age [57], and chronotype [58].…”

Section: Statistical Design and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Circadian and Circannual Rhythms Model (CCR Model) of accelerated summer weight gain, proposed that in the absence of the social demands of the school year (e.g., school schedules and sleep related parenting practices), children would exhibit changes in behavior such as shortened sleep duration, later and more variable sleep timing, and reduced PA [26,27]. It was hypothesized that reductions in PA reduce the amplitude of the circadian system and sleep/wake homeostasis, thereby reducing the pressure to sleep at night [28,29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lower levels of PA may also affect circadian rhythmicity through decreased exposure to natural light, as increased PA is associated with greater outdoor light exposure [30][31][32]. These changes in behaviors may affect synchronization of circadian and circannual rhythms by affecting children's exposure to the light/dark cycle and contributing to a blunting of circadian rhythmicity which may contribute to accelerated weight gain [26,27,33]. According to the CCR Model children's sleep timing, duration, and variability, PA, and light exposure represent novel pathways which may differentially influence children's BMI during the school year and summer.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Later sleep timing predicts accelerated summer weight gain among elementary school children: a prospective observational study

Moreno

Razjouyan

Lester

et al. 2021

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act

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Objectives and background Social demands of the school-year and summer environment may affect children’s sleep patterns and circadian rhythms during these periods. The current study examined differences in children’s sleep and circadian-related behaviors during the school-year and summer and explored the association between sleep and circadian parameters and change in body mass index (BMI) during these time periods. Methods This was a prospective observational study with 119 children ages 5 to 8 years with three sequential BMI assessments: early school-year (fall), late school-year (spring), and beginning of the following school-year in Houston, Texas, USA. Sleep midpoint, sleep duration, variability of sleep midpoint, physical activity, and light exposure were estimated using wrist-worn accelerometry during the school-year (fall) and summer. To examine the effect of sleep parameters, physical activity level, and light exposure on change in BMI, growth curve modeling was conducted controlling for age, race, sex, and chronotype. Results Children’s sleep midpoint shifted later by an average of 1.5 h during summer compared to the school-year. After controlling for covariates, later sleep midpoints predicted larger increases in BMI during summer, (γ = .0004, p = .03), but not during the school-year. Sleep duration, sleep midpoint variability, physical activity levels, and sedentary behavior were not associated with change in BMI during the school-year or summer. Females tended to increase their BMI at a faster rate during summer compared to males, γ = .06, p = .049. Greater amounts of outdoor light exposure (γ = −.01, p = .02) predicted smaller increases in school-year BMI. Conclusions Obesity prevention interventions may need to target different behaviors depending on whether children are in or out of school. Promotion of outdoor time during the school-year and earlier sleep times during the summer may be effective obesity prevention strategies during these respective times.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Section: Statistical Design and Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Later sleep timing predicts accelerated summer weight gain among elementary school children: a prospective observational study

Moreno

Razjouyan

Lester

et al. 2021

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Similar patterns have been observed among school-aged children ( 1 ) and in 2 previous studies of preschoolers ( 2 , 4 ), adding to the evidence that efforts to promote healthy child weight may be most needed in summer. The lack of a structured daily schedule ( 10 ), the biological response to longer day length ( 11 ), or both may explain accelerated summer weight gain. However, more research is necessary among preschool-aged children, because another study found a decrease in BMIz over the summer among preschool-aged children with obesity ( 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Summer Weight Gain Among Preschool-Aged Children With Obesity: An Observational Study in Head Start

et al. 2021

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School-aged children gain weight most rapidly in summer, but few studies have investigated summer weight gain among preschool-aged children. We fit continuous linear spline mixed models to test for accelerated summer weight gain among 2,044 children attending 16 Boston-area Head Start programs between fall 2016 and spring 2019. Academic year and summer rates of change in modified body mass index z-score differed ( P < .001), with accelerated summer weight gain most pronounced among children with obesity. As with school-aged children, increased focus on the summer is warranted for promoting healthy weight among children in Head Start.

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Seasonal variability in body mass index, waist circumference, and skinfolds in Norwegian children

Moen,

Júlíusson,

Roelants

et al. 2024

American J Hum Biol

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ObjectivesStudies have shown that children develop a higher body weight during summer months. This has been demonstrated repeatedly using the body mass index (BMI), but the effect of season on other weight‐related anthropometric measurements is still unclear.MethodsMeasurements of height, weight, waist circumference (WC), triceps, and subscapular skinfolds (TSF and SSF), collected from September till May in a cross‐sectional sample of 4–16‐year‐old children and adolescents (n = 4525) from the Bergen Growth Study 1 (BGS1). Differences in z‐score by season were tested with linear models adjusted for age group and separately for sex. Overall differences were tested with a one‐way between‐group analysis of variance.ResultsThe girls had higher BMIz (+0.12, p = .03) and WCz (+0.18, p = .002) in fall compared with spring. TSFz (−0.19, p < .001) and SSFz (−0.18, p < .001) were lower in winter in girls, and in boys both in fall (TSFz −0.10, p = .046; SSFz – 0.16, p < .001), and winter (TSFz −0.15, p = .004; SSFz −0.14, p = .003), when compared with spring.ConclusionsSeasonal variation was detected for all anthropometric measures, but differences in the direction of the effect between measures of global (BMI), central (WC) or subcutaneous (SF) adiposity suggest a more complex mechanism that needs further exploration.

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Physiological mechanisms underlying children's circannual growth patterns and their contributions to the obesity epidemic in elementary school age children

Cited by 12 publications

References 95 publications

Later sleep timing predicts accelerated summer weight gain among elementary school children: a prospective observational study

Later sleep timing predicts accelerated summer weight gain among elementary school children: a prospective observational study

Summer Weight Gain Among Preschool-Aged Children With Obesity: An Observational Study in Head Start

Seasonal variability in body mass index, waist circumference, and skinfolds in Norwegian children

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