Physiological indicators of fluoride exposure and utilization: an epidemiological study

Schamschula, R. G.; Sugár, E; Un, Pauline S. H.; Tóth, Károly; Barmes, David E.; Adkins, B. L.

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0528.1985.tb01687.x

Cited by 43 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(3 reference statements)

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“…Dental fluorosis had been reported historically in three locations in Hungary associated with high-fluoride waters, the water sources in these areas have since been altered and the disease is no longer prevalent (Toth, 2000). In a study of 3 groups of Hungarian children aged 14 exposed to contrasting fluoride concentrations in drinking water, Schamschula et al (1985) demonstrated a link between high fluoride contents and community fluorosis index values but the index values were too low (< 0.6) to constitute a public health problem.…”

Section: Fluorosis Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

A health risk assessment for fluoride in Central Europe

Fordyce

Vrana

Zhovinsky

et al. 2007

Environ Geochem Health

145

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Like many elements, fluorine (which generally occurs in nature as fluoride) is beneficial to human health in trace amounts but can be toxic in excess. The links between low intakes of fluoride and dental protection are well known, however, fluoride is a powerful calcium-seeking element and can interfere with the calcified structure of bones and teeth in the human body at higher concentration causing dental or skeletal fluorosis. One of the main exposure routes is via drinking water and the World Health Organisation currently set water quality guidelines for the element. In Central Europe, groundwater resources that exceed the guideline value of 1.5 mg L

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Section: Fluorosis Prevalencementioning

confidence: 99%

A health risk assessment for fluoride in Central Europe

Fordyce

Vrana

Zhovinsky

et al. 2007

Environ Geochem Health

145

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“…19 Para el ceo-d los estratos socioeconómicos con mayor proporción de caries dental fueron el bajo (1 y 2) con 32,2% y el medio (3 y 4) con 26,1%, lo que coincide con lo observado por schamschula y colaboradores quienes manifestaron que el desarrollo económico y la condición socioeconómica son factores fuertemente relacionados con la etiología de la caries dental puesto que los niños de estrato socioeconómico alto tienen mayor posibilidad de realizar su higiene bucal con pasta de dientes con flúor y de forma frecuente. 20 Con respecto al cepillado, los hallazgos de este estudio coinciden con lo reportado por un estudio en Taiwán que encontró una fuerte asociación entre la frecuencia del cepillado de los dientes y la prevalencia de caries dental; así mismo observaron que los niños que no se cepillaban los dientes antes de ir a la cama presentaban más lesiones de caries dental. 7 En cuanto a los valores del índice de placa, hubo una mediana correlación con el índice ceo-d, lo que se explica porque la placa bacteriana es una causa necesaria, más no suficiente para el desarrollo de caries dental y es más importante su composición que su cantidad.…”

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Prevalencia De Caries De La Infancia Temprana Y Factores De Riesgo Asociados en Niños De 1 a 5 Años en La Ciudad De Santiago De Cali

2013

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RESUMENObjetivo: determinar la prevalencia de Caries de la Infancia Temprana (CIT) en niños de 1 a 5 años de la ciudad de Cali y describir los factores de riesgo asociados. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal, de prevalencia con todas las instituciones educativas inscritas en la Secretaría de Educación. La muestra la constituyeron 929 menores a quienes se les indagó mediante un cuestionario dirigido a sus padres, acerca de los factores de riesgo asociados con caries dental. Se realizó un examen clínico intraoral para determinar el índice ceo-d según los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y se evaluó el índice de placa bacteriana de Sillness y Löe. Se realizó un análisis univariado para describir las variables y conocer la distribución de la variable de salida. Para el bivariado se utilizó la prueba Chi 2 y la correlación de Spearman, según el tipo de variable. Para comparación del índice ceo-d según estrato socioeconómico y hábitos de higiene como el cepillado antes de acostarse, se utilizó la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. Resultados: se encontró una prevalencia de CIT de 29,3%, siendo esta mayor en el estrato socioeconómico bajo. De los factores de riesgo analizados, se encontró una asociación significativa con no cepillar al niño antes de dormir con un OR de 1,50 [IC 95%: 1,09 -2,07, p= 0,008]. Conclusiones: la prevalencia de caries dental fue mayor que la reportada para Cali en el ENSAB III a los 5 años. Se utilizó como índice para caries dental el ceo-d sin incluir lesiones precavitacionales, lo que podría subestimar la prevalencia de esta entidad en la población de estudio. [Arango MC, Jaramillo A, Cruz CA. Prevalencia de caries de la infancia temprana y factores de riesgo asociados en niños de 1 a 5 años en la ciudad de Santiago de Cali. Ustasalud 2013; 12: 108 -115] Palabras clave: Caries dental, Placa dental, Prevalencia, Preescolar. PREVALENCE OF EARLY CHILDHOOD CARIES AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS AMONG 1-5 YEAR OLD PRE-SCHOOLERS OF SANTIAGO DE CALI ABSTRACTObjective: to assess the prevalence of Early Childhood Caries (ECC) among 1-5 year old pre-schoolers in the city of Cali and describe the associated risk factors. Methods: a descriptive study of prevalence in all educational institutions registered in the Ministry of Education was carried out. The sample consisted of 929 children who were asked by a questionnaire sent to their parents about the risk factors associated with dental caries. An intraoral examination was performed to determine the dmf-t index according to the criteria of the World Health Organization and the plaque index of Sillness and Löe was also evaluated. Univariate analysis was performed to describe the variables and know the distribution of the dependent variable. For the bivariate analysis, the Chi 2 test and Spearman correlation was used depending on the type of variable. For comparison of the dmf-t according to socioeconomic and hygiene conditions such as brushing before bed, the Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Results: a prevalence of 29.3...

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“…An additional daily intake of 3.0 mg fluoride over 30 days resulted immediately in a 90% increase of the basal urinary fluoride excretion and three months later in an increase of the fluoride content of fingernails (Whitford et al, 1999b). Subjects living in areas with high fluoride content in water (1.6-3.1 mg/L) had 1.8 and 2.9 times higher fluoride contents in fingernails than subjects from areas with intermediate (0.5-1.1 mg/L) and low (<0.11 mg/L) fluoride content in the water, respectively (Schamschula et al, 1985).…”

Section: Biomarkers For Fluoride Exposure and Statusmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The fluoride content in enamel is indicative of the amount taken up during tooth formation, whereas the surface layers of enamel of erupted teeth is affected by the fluoride concentrations in the mouth. The fluoride content in enamel biopsies from 137 children aged 14 years at 0.44-0.48 μm and 2.4-2.6 μm depth was proportional to the fluoride content of the drinking water (0.09 versus 1.9 mg/L: 1549 and 641 versus 3790 and 2110 mg/kg, respectively) (Schamschula et al, 1985). Dentine, which like bone slowly increases in fluoride content throughout life and, unlike bone, does not undergo resorption, is probably the most suitable indicator of chronic fluoride intake.…”

Section: Biomarkers For Fluoride Exposure and Statusmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…There is no clear-cut relationship between fluoride content in bone and extracellular fluids. The concentration of fluoride in nails (50% higher in finger than in toenails) and hair appears to be proportional to the exposure over longer periods of time taking into account their growth rate (Czarnowski and Krechniak, 1990;Schamschula et al, 1985;Kono et al, 1990;Whitford et al, 1999b). An additional daily intake of 3.0 mg fluoride over 30 days resulted immediately in a 90% increase of the basal urinary fluoride excretion and three months later in an increase of the fluoride content of fingernails (Whitford et al, 1999b).…”

Section: Biomarkers For Fluoride Exposure and Statusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on a request from the Commission related to the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Fluoride

Products¹

2005

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYFluoride is not essential for human growth and development but is beneficial in the prevention of dental caries (tooth decay) when ingested in amounts of about 0.05 mg/kg body weight per day and when applied topically with dental products such as toothpaste. Dental enamel which contains fluoride is less likely to develop caries, because of greater resistance to ingested acids or to acids generated from ingested sugars by the oral bacteria. In addition, fluoride inhibits sugar metabolism by oral bacteria.Fluoride content of the body is not under physiological control. Absorbed fluoride is partly retained in bone and partly excreted, predominantly via the kidney. In infants retention in bone can be as high as 90% of the absorbed amount, whereas in adults retention is 50% or less. Fluoride is also incorporated into dental enamel during tooth formation.Excessive intake of fluoride during enamel maturation before tooth eruption from birth to eight years of age, when enamel formation is complete, can lead to reduced mineral content of enamel and to dental fluorosis of deciduous but predominantly of permanent teeth. The incidence and severity of dental fluorosis is dose-dependent. Mild dental fluorosis is not readily apparent and is associated with increased resistance to caries. The Panel considered moderate dental fluorosis, which is characterised by staining and minute pitting of teeth, to be an adverse effect. On the basis that the prevalence of moderate dental fluorosis of permanent teeth is less than 5% in populations ingesting 0.08-0.12 mg fluoride/kg body weight/day, the Panel considered that the upper level (UL) for fluoride is 0.1 mg fluoride/kg/day in children aged 1-8 years. This is equivalent to 1.5 and 2.5 mg fluoride per day in children aged 1-3 years and 4-8 years, respectively.Fluoride accretion in bone increases bone density but excessive long term intake reduces bone strength and increases risk of fracture and skeletal fluorosis (stiffness of joints, skeletal deformities). Studies with therapeutic oral administration of fluoride in amounts of 0.6 mg/kg body weight/day in postmenopausal women over several years increased the risk for nonvertebral bone fractures significantly. The Panel applied an uncertainty factor of 5 to derive an UL of 0.12 mg/kg body weight/day. This is equivalent to an UL of 5 mg/day in children aged 9-14 years and 7 mg/day for age 15 years and older, including pregnant and lactating women.The UL for fluoride applies to intake from water, beverages, foodstuffs, including fluoridated salt, dental health products and fluoride tablets for caries prevention.Children aged 1-8 years have fluoride intakes from food and water well below the UL provided the fluoride content of their drinking water is not higher than 1.0 mg/L. An increase

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Physiological indicators of fluoride exposure and utilization: an epidemiological study

Cited by 43 publications

References 10 publications

A health risk assessment for fluoride in Central Europe

A health risk assessment for fluoride in Central Europe

Prevalencia De Caries De La Infancia Temprana Y Factores De Riesgo Asociados en Niños De 1 a 5 Años en La Ciudad De Santiago De Cali

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) on a request from the Commission related to the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Fluoride

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