Physiological condition status and muscle‐based biomarkers in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), after long‐term exposure to carbamazepine

Abstract

Recently, residual pharmaceuticals are generally recognized as relevant sources of aquatic environmental pollutants. However, the toxicological effects of these contaminants have not been adequately researched. In this study, the chronic toxic effects of carbamazepine (CBZ), an anticonvulsant pharmaceutical commonly present in surface and ground water, on physiological condition status and muscle-based biomarkers of rainbow trout were investigated. Fish were exposed at sublethal concentrations of CBZ (1.0 microg l(-1), 0.2 mg l(-1) and 2.0 mg l(-1)) for 42 days. Compared with the control, there was a significant lower (P < 0.05) condition factor in fish exposed at the highest concentration of CBZ (2.0 mg l(-1)), but the hepatosomatic indices in all groups were not significant changes. At lower CBZ concentration (1.0 microg l(-1), 0.2 mg l(-1)), the antioxidant enzyme activities were induced slightly, except catalase, while at the highest concentration (2.0 mg l(-1)) oxidative stress was apparent as reflected by the significant higher lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyls in the fish muscle, associated with a significant inhibition of antioxidant enzymes activities. Moreover, energy metabolic parameters (RNA-DNA ratio, Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase) were significantly inhibited in muscle of the fish exposed at the highest concentration (2.0 mg l(-1)), compared with the control. In short, CBZ-induced physiological and biochemical responses in fish were reflected in parameters measured in this study, which suggest that these biomarkers could be used as potential indicators for monitoring residual pharmaceuticals present in aquatic environment.

Biochemical responses in gills of rainbow trout exposed to propiconazole

“…Oxidative stress will occur if the activities of the antioxidant defense systems decrease or ROS production increases [21,22]. In the present study, the significantly higher level of ROS in fish gill after long term exposure to PCZ indicated that the fish tissue was in serious oxidative stress (Figure 1).…”

High environmental ammonia elicits differential oxidative stress and antioxidant responses in five different organs of a model estuarine teleost ( Dicentrarchus labrax )

“…Particularly, in gills GSHrelated antioxidant system was not activated in response to HEA, this might substantiate the elevated accumulation of oxidative substances. In addition, lower basal activities of GSH regulating and H 2 O 2 scavenging antioxidant enzymes in muscle (compared to liver and brain) may be attributed to the fact that the muscle tissue analyzed was white muscle which sustains burst power output for short-term intensive swimming (Hochachka et al, 1996;Li et al, 2010a), and also has low mitochondria content along with a limited level of oxidative metabolism (Li et al, 2010b). The glutathione S-transferase (GST) family promotes cellular detoxification activities against lipid peroxidation generated by xenobiotics or reactive molecules.…”

Antioxidant responses and plasma biochemical characteristics in the freshwater rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, after acute exposure to the fungicide propiconazole

“…This finding, together with findings of previous studies, indicates that the brain has a relatively low antioxidant defence system (Mates, 2000), although the brain has a high mitochondrial oxidative metabolism to meet the high ATP demand for neural processing in fish (Li et al, 2010c,e). Tissue-specific differences in the effects of PCZ on the ROS handling suggest that there are different ROS-scavenging mechanisms in different tissues (Li et al, 2010f ).…”