Physiological and Functional Basis of Dopamine Receptors and Their Role in Neurogenesis: Possible Implication for Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Dopamine controls various physiological functions in the brain and periphery by acting on its receptors D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. Dopamine receptors are G protein–coupled receptors involved in the regulation of motor activity and several neurological disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Reduction in dopamine content in the nigrostriatal pathway is associated with the development of PD, along with the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra region. Dopamine receptors directly regulate neurotransmission of other neurotransmitters, release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Here, we provide an update on recent knowledge about the signalling mechanism, mode of action, and the evidence for the physiological and functional basis of dopamine receptors. We also highlight the pivotal role of these receptors in the modulation of neurogenesis, a possible therapeutic target that might help to slow down the process of neurodegeneration.

The Pharmacology of Visual Hallucinations in Synucleinopathies

“…D2-like receptors are mainly expressed in the striatum, external globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, amygdala, cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and pituitary gland. These receptors are involved in movement control, impulses, and cognition (Mishra et al, 2018). Previous studies have suggested that dopaminergic projections originating from the SN pars compacta activate the D2 and D4 receptors in the TRN, thereby suppressing GABA signaling (Behrendt, 2006).…”

Pharmacogenetics of drug-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease

“…Гены рецепторов дофамина. Физиологический эффект дофамина опосредован через пять классов дофаминовых рецепторов (D1-D5), сопряженных с G-белком (G-proteincoupled receptors, GPCRs) [41]. Высокий уровень экспрессии D1-рецепторов обнаружен в нигростриарной, мезолимбической и мезокортикальной областях.…”

“…Ген дофаминового D2-рецептора (DRD2) локализуется на 11-й хромосоме (11q23.1), имеет 6 интронов в кодирующем регионе. Агонистом D2-рецепторов являются бромокриптин, перголид, каберголин и ропинирол [41]. В гене DRD2 описан микросателлитный, или состоящий из коротких тандемных повторов (short tandem repeat, STR), полиморфизм (CAn-STR).…”

Deferred Administration of Afobazole Induces Sigma1R-Dependent Restoration of Striatal Dopamine Content in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

“…Those are D 1 and D 2 dopamine receptors [ 29 ], dopamine transporter (DAT) [ 30 ], GluNs [ 31 , 32 ], neurotrophine receptor trkB [ 33 ], IP 3 R3 within the MAM region [ 34 ], main ER chaperone BiP [ 34 , 35 ], ER stress sensor IRE1 [ 36 ], and nucleus membrane protein emerin [ 37 ]. These interactions modulate the activity of client proteins [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ] and may contribute to the protective effect in dopaminergic neurons of nigrostriatal tracts [ 10 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ].…”