Physiological and biochemical effects of botanical extract from Piper nigrum Linn (Piperaceae) against the dengue vector Aedes aegypti Liston (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract

The leaves of Piper nigrum L. (Piperaceae) were evaluated for chemical constituents and mosquito larvicidal activity against the larvae of Aedes aegypti. GC and GC-MS analyses revealed that the crude extracts contain 16 compounds. Thymol (20.77%) and ç-elemene (10.42%) were identified as the major constituents followed by cyclohexene, 4-ethenyl-4-methyl-3-(1-methylethenyl)-1-(1 methylethyl)-, (3R-trans) (7.58%), 4,6-octadienoic acid, 2-acetyl-2-methyl-, ethyl ester (6.98), 2(3H)-furanone, 3,4-bis(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl) dihydro-, (3R-trans) (6.95%), 1-naphthalenol, 1,2,3,4,4a,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,6-dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, [1R-(1à,4á,4aá,8aá)]-(Cedreanol) (5.30%), trans-2-undecen-1-ol (4.48%), phytol (4.22%), 1,6-cyclodecadiene, 1-methyl-5-methylene-8-(1-methylethyl)-,[s-(E,E)] (3.78%) and 2,6-dimethyl-3,5,7-octatriene-2-ol, Z,Z (2.39%). Larval mortality was observed after 3 h of exposure period. The crude extract showed remarkable larvicidal activity against Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 34.97). The larvae of Ae. aegypti exposed to the P. nigrum, significantly reduced the activities of α- and β-carboxylesterases and superdioxide. Further, P. nigrum extract was severely affecting the mosquito gut cellular organelles. Based on the results, the chemical constituents of crude extracts of P. nigrum can be considered as a new source of larvicide for the control of Ae. aegypti.

A Review of Resistance Mechanisms of Synthetic Insecticides and Botanicals, Phytochemicals, and Essential Oils as Alternative Larvicidal Agents Against Mosquitoes

“…Carboxyl-esterases (EC3.1.1.1) are non-specific omnipresent enzymes that are associated to the major "endogenous" functions in insects, which hydrolyze a different carboxylic-acid ester (Lija-Escaline et al, 2015). Generally, the metabolic pathway of these enzymes was targeted by the chemical pesticides, especially the fourth generation class of Pyrethroids, which acts on the voltage sensitive sodium channels and blocks the mosquito nervous system (Hong et al, 2014).…”

“…Plant extracts and their derivatives have been widely reported to decrease the levels of carboxylesterase (α-β-carboxylesterase) level in the Ae. aegypti larva (Koodalingam et al, 2014;Lija-Escaline et al, 2015). Besides exhibiting larvicidal activity Alangium salvifolium, also substantially reduced the levels of α, β-carboxylesterase as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Ae.…”

A biodegradable device for the controlled release of Piper nigrum (Piperaceae) standardized extract to control Aedes aegypti (Diptera, Culicidae) larvae

“…Several studies have demonstrated that this insecticidal activity is related to the presence of piperine and its derivatives (19) (20) (21) (22) . The development of any device from natural products with a potential insecticidal application, such as P. nigrum, requires a standardized extract of the main active component to be obtained to ensure both effectiveness and safety (30) .…”

“…After this period, activity decreased, which was attributed to degradation of the active ingredients (19) . However, it is worth noting that PnE has a higher duration of residual activity compared with other natural products such as copaiba oil and andiroba, a characteristic of interest for the incorporation into CRD (43) .…”

“…Several studies have shown that Piper nigrum extract has larvicidal activity against A. aegypti (15) (17) (18) (19) (20) (21) . However, because of its vegetable origin, it has low residual activity due to the degradation of piperine, the main active component of P. nigrum (22) .…”