Physiologic and motor conditioning and generalization in children with minimal brain dysfunction

Boydstun, James A.; Ackerman, Peggy T.; Stevens, Douglas A.; Clements, Sam D.; Peters, John E.; Dykman, Roscoe A.

doi:10.1007/bf03001140

Cited by 35 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Other research (Boydstun et al, 1968) indicates lack of autonomic reactivity to stimuli to be an important physiological characteristic of children with MBD. This characteristic could be a function of faulty coupling of arousal structures with other perceptual and motor structures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hyperkinetic child: Effect of incentives on the speed of rapid tapping.

Stevens¹,

Stover²,

Backus³

1970

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Thirty-six hyperkinetic and 36 control boys, ages 8-11, were studied on a rapid-tapping task. They were divided into three incentive groups: one allowed to respond freely (US), one encouraged to tap rapidly (S), and one given pennies for increasing their tapping rate (R). As expected, the R and S groups tapped more rapidly than the US groups. When analyzed separately, no significant incentive group differences were found for the hyperkinetics. The moderately fast tapping of the hyperkinetics, regardless of group, resulted in the US hyperkinetics tapping more rapidly than the US controls, but when incentive was introduced (S and R groups), the controls were able to tap faster than the hyperkinetics. This inability of the hyperkinetics to adaptively adjust to the changing incentive conditions was suggested to be a function of defects in brain structures regulating arousal and concentration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The hyperkinetic child: Effect of incentives on the speed of rapid tapping.

Stevens¹,

Stover²,

Backus³

1970

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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“…Several studies have suggested that hyperkinetic children exhibit a more rapid decline of the SCR than do control children. Two studies (Boydstun et al, 1968;Spring et al, 1974) reported that hyperkinetic subjects required fewer trials to reach a criterion of complete habituation than did controls, and a third (Cohen & Douglas, 1972) found a nonsignificant trend in the same direction. Furthermore, Rugel and Rosenthal (1974) obtained a significant Group X Trial interaction that indicated a more rapid rate of SCR habituation in their learning-disabled group than in controls.…”

Section: Autonomic Arousalmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…A number of studies have compared tonic skin conductance levels (SCLs) of subjects classified as hyperkinetic, minimally brain dysfunctional, and learning disabled with groups of matched controls. Only one study (Satterfield & Dawson, 1971) found that hyperkinetic subjects have significantly lower SCLs than controls, and five studies failed to find SCL differences between controls and children with MBD (Boydstun, Ackerman, Stevens, Clements, Peters, & Dykman, 1968;Zahn, Abate, Little, & Wender, 197S), children with learning disabilities (Rugel & Rosenthal, 1974), hyperkinetics (Cohen & Douglas, 1972), or hyperkinetics who respond positively to methylphenidate (Spring, Greenberg, Scott, & Hopwood, 1974). Similarly, two studies reported that hyperkinetic children have significantly lower base rates (Conners, 1975;Forges, Walker, Korb, & Sprague, 1975), and two studies reported no heart rate differences between hy-perkinetic subjects and controls (Boydstun et al, 1968;Zahn et al, 1975).…”

Section: Autonomic Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have found that phasic orienting responses to loud tones differentiate hyperkinetic groups from control groups. Skin conductance responses (SCRs) have been found to be smaller in hyperkinetics than in control subjects (Boydstun et al, 1968;Cohen & Douglas, 1972;Satterfield & Dawson, 1971;Spring et al, 1974;Zahn et al, 1975), although one study found no differences in SCRs to a low-intensity compound stimulus (Rugel & Rosenthal, 1974). The cardiac deceleration component of the orienting response has also been found to be smaller in learning-disabled subjects (Sroufe, Sonies, West, & Wright, 1973), hyperkinetic subjects (Forges et al, 1975), and subjects with MBD (Zahn et al, 1975) than in controls.…”

Section: Autonomic Arousalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies have found that hyperkinetics performed more poorly than nonhyperkinetic children on tasks that require the acquisition of a learned stimulus discrimination. Boydstun et al (1968) required children to pull a string when they heard an 800-Hz tone but not when they heard a 700-Hz or 600-Hz tone. Pulling a string at the proper time served to release a penny into the child's tray, and pulling at an incorrect time released the coin into an inaccessible tray.…”

Section: Learning Tasksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An examination of attention, arousal, and learning dysfunctions of hyperkinetic children.

Rosenthal¹,

Allen²

1978

Psychological Bulletin

207

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Empirical studies are reviewed that have supported viewing the hyperkinetic syndrome and the related diagnoses of minimal brain dysfunction and learning disability as dysfunctions of information processing. Measures of arousal, attention, learning, and performance were examined in undrugged hyperkinetics, hyperkinetics given stimulant medication, and nonhyperkinetic children. Although support is found for the hypotheses that hyperkinetics exhibit low physiological arousal and poor attention, several findings indicate the need for modifying these hypotheses. Little evidence is found for the hypothesis that hyperkinetics have reduced sensitivity to reinforcement. The authors propose some theoretical clarifications of the arousal and attention hypotheses and suggest some directions for future empirical work.Hyperactivity is denned as an excessive amount of gross motor activity and/or an excessive amount of inappropriate activity (Werry & Sprague, 1970). It is one of the most prevalent symptoms exhibited by children referred to mental health clinics (Patterson, Jones, Whittier, & Wright, 1965). Hyperactivity may occur as a symptom in neurotic, schizophrenic, or prepsychopathic disorders, or it may occur in the behavior disorder known as the hyperkinetic syndrome. The hyperkinetic syndrome is characterized by the long-standing presence of hyperactivity as a chief complaint in children who exhibit normal intelligence, and it is usually accompanied by short attention span, low frustration tolerance, and impulsive behavior. Hyperkinetic children often perform poorly in school, are aggressive, and have poor relationships with their peers. These symptoms create problems for these children

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Aggressiveness and hyperactive behaviour as related to adrenaline excretion

Klinteberg

Magnusson

1989

Eur J Pers

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The central question concerns the relationship between aspects of behaviour and physiological reactions. Measures of sympathetic‐adrenal activity in terms of adrenaline excretion in a normal and a stressful situation as well as teacher ratings of behaviour were analysed for a representative group of 86 boys aged 13. Adrenaline excretion was in both situations significantly negatively related to ratings of aggressiveness, motor restlessness, and concentration difficulties and also to the sum of the latter two, used as an indicator of hyperactive behaviour. The association between hyperactive behaviour and adrenaline excretion persisted in the stressful situation when aggressiveness was controlled, whereas there was no significant relationship between aggressiveness and adrenaline output when hyperactive behaviour was controlled. Furthermore, hyperactive boys differed significantly from non‐hyperactive boys in displaying lower adrenaline excretion in both situations. The results are discussed in terms of low sympathetic‐adrenal reactivity to external demands as a risk factor and as a possible indicator of vulnerability for social and/or pervasive conduct disturbances.

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Physiologic and motor conditioning and generalization in children with minimal brain dysfunction

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

The hyperkinetic child: Effect of incentives on the speed of rapid tapping.

The hyperkinetic child: Effect of incentives on the speed of rapid tapping.

An examination of attention, arousal, and learning dysfunctions of hyperkinetic children.

Aggressiveness and hyperactive behaviour as related to adrenaline excretion

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