Empirical studies are reviewed that have supported viewing the hyperkinetic syndrome and the related diagnoses of minimal brain dysfunction and learning disability as dysfunctions of information processing. Measures of arousal, attention, learning, and performance were examined in undrugged hyperkinetics, hyperkinetics given stimulant medication, and nonhyperkinetic children. Although support is found for the hypotheses that hyperkinetics exhibit low physiological arousal and poor attention, several findings indicate the need for modifying these hypotheses. Little evidence is found for the hypothesis that hyperkinetics have reduced sensitivity to reinforcement. The authors propose some theoretical clarifications of the arousal and attention hypotheses and suggest some directions for future empirical work.Hyperactivity is denned as an excessive amount of gross motor activity and/or an excessive amount of inappropriate activity (Werry & Sprague, 1970). It is one of the most prevalent symptoms exhibited by children referred to mental health clinics (Patterson, Jones, Whittier, & Wright, 1965). Hyperactivity may occur as a symptom in neurotic, schizophrenic, or prepsychopathic disorders, or it may occur in the behavior disorder known as the hyperkinetic syndrome. The hyperkinetic syndrome is characterized by the long-standing presence of hyperactivity as a chief complaint in children who exhibit normal intelligence, and it is usually accompanied by short attention span, low frustration tolerance, and impulsive behavior. Hyperkinetic children often perform poorly in school, are aggressive, and have poor relationships with their peers. These symptoms create problems for these children
Correlative links between poor housing and poor health have been well known for many years. A problem for urban studies, however, is that the supposed causal relationships underlying this correlation are ill-understood and only weakly established. Hence the expectation that housing improvement will lead to a corresponding change in the health of the community (and therefore of individuals) has little causal support and remains an assumption. Studies of renewal schemes have rarely operated at the micro process level which would allow this assumption to be tested. Moreover, signi cant changes in health are likely to occur only over a relatively long period; hence measurement is dif cult and ascribing causation problematic. One way of approaching this research problem is to examine what impact the uninvited, and frequently dramatic, renewal process itself has on the health of the individual. In this research an interpretive biographical interview method was used to elicit tenants' understanding of their situation, of the experience of housing renewal and how it impacted upon their health and well-being. In some cases the process itself was indeed stressful and damaging while in others enjoyable and rewarding. This pointed to a complex web of factors but predominant and in uential was that of personal control, its degree of importance to the individual and, crucially, its negotiability. This paper looks at the connections between control and health and re-introduces into the housing policy arena the importance of the individual whose interests are currently submerged in the 'imperatives' of community involvement and consultation. The research contributes to a housing-health linkages model (Easterlow et al., 2000) by introducing, as an important factor affecting health and well-being, the nature of the tenant/landlord relationship itself in the social rented sector and examining the potential for a new partnership at this 'micro' level.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate sensory integration in infants. Two groups of infants were repeatedly presented with a standard visual or auditory temporal sequence in a habituation period. In the test period, each group was divided into four subgroups in which the presentation modality and/or the temporal sequence remained the same or were different. Subjects who were presented a different temporal sequence in the test period produced larger responses than did subjects who were presented the same standard temporal sequence. This differential magnitude of responding occurred regardless of the sensory modality in which the temporal sequences were presented. The results of the present study support the conclusion that infants as young as 7 months of age are capable of perceiving equivalences and differences in temporal sequential information within and across sensory modalities.
These constancies, then, are object-invariants, and as such they are not to be confused with the Piagetian notion of functional invariance-the latter concept being exclusively applicable to the inherent adaptive tendencies of all organisms.
Previous laboratory studies that have either introduced extraneous enviromental stimulation or tested children in cubicles have failed to provide support for the common clinical notion that hyperkinetic children are highly distractible. Based on the Rosenthal and Allen (1978) proposal, distractibility was investigated by introducing irrelevant information within the task context. Intratask distractibility was examined by comparing the performance of hyperkinetic and nonhyperkinetic children on a speeded classification task. Errors measured for responses to slides containing either zero, constant, one varying, or two varying irrelevant stimulus dimensions. Dimensional salience of the three dimensions used in the study was measured for each child. The data indicate that hyperkinetics made more errors than nonhyperkinetics when constant irrelevant or two varying irrelevant dimensions were presented, but the two groups made equal errors when there was no irrelevant information presented within the stimulus array. No group differences in distractibility were found when the irrelevant dimension was low salience. It was concluded that salience of distractors presented within the task context may be useful in specifying the particular task conditions in which hyperkinetic children exhibit high distractibility.
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