Physiologic and biochemical measurements and response to noxious stimulation at various concentrations of MS-222 in Koi (Cyprinus carpio)

Stockman, J.A.; Weber, E. Scott; Kass, Philip H.; Pascoe, Peter J; Paul-Murphy, Joanne R

doi:10.1111/j.1467-2995.2012.00739.x

Cited by 14 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Its continued use for this test species ( Danio rerio ) cannot be considered best practice especially as several other studies have reported a range of adverse physiological effects and differing stress responses to MS222 in several species [13], [30], [31]. Its use as a recommended anaesthetic for Danio rerio should therefore be revised and its use for other species re-evaluated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do Fish Perceive Anaesthetics as Aversive?

et al. 2013

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This study addresses a fundamental question in fish welfare: are the anaesthetics used for fish aversive? Despite years of routine general use of many agents, within both scientific research and aquaculture, there is a paucity of information regarding their tolerance and associated behavioural responses by fish. This study examined nine of the most commonly used fish anaesthetic agents, and performed preference tests using adult mixed sex zebrafish (Danio rerio), the most commonly held laboratory fish. Video tracking software quantified swimming behaviour related to aversion for each anaesthetic at 50% of its standard recommended dose compared with clean water in a flow-through chemotaxic choice chamber. Results suggest that several commonly used anaesthetics were aversive, including two of the most commonly recommended and used: MS222 (ethyl 3-aminobenzoate methanesulphate) and benzocaine. For ethical best practice, it is recommended that compounds that are aversive, even at low concentration, should no longer be used routinely for anaesthesia or indeed the first step of humane euthanasia of adult zebrafish. Two agents were found not to induce aversive behavioural responses: etomidate and 2,2,2 tribromoethanol. For the millions of adult zebrafish used in laboratories and breeding worldwide, etomidate appears best suited for future routine humane use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is registered for veterinary use with fish by Health Canada, and in the UK, Italy, Spain and Norway [7], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15]. MS222 appears to meet the five criteria for a suitable fish anaesthetic as suggested by Thienpoint and Niemegeers [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Fish Perceive Anaesthetics as Aversive?

et al. 2013

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“…MS-222 is supplied as a white crystalline powder, and its main properties include high solubility in water and rapid induction and full recovery of animals subjected to anaesthesia (Hseu, Yeh, Chu & Ting 1998;Roberts 2009;Readman, Owen, Murrell & Knowles 2013). MS-222 has been used on freshwater and marine fish (Lemm 1993;Hseu et al 1998;Roubach, Gomes & Val 2001;Sladky, Swanson, Stoskopf, Loomis & Lewbart 2001;Welker, Lim & Yildirim-Aksoy 2007;Ross & Ross 2008;Zahl, Kiessling, Samuelsen & Olsen 2010;Gholipour, Mirzargar, Soltani, Ahmadi, Abrishamifar, Bahonar & Yousefi 2011;Stockman, Weber, Kass, Pascoes & Paul-Murphy 2012;Ribeiro, de Melo, do Espirito Santo, de Souza e Silva, Santos & Luz 2013;Gressler, Riffel, Parodi, Saccol, Koakoski, DaCosta, Pavanato, Heinzmann, Caron, Schmidt, Llesuy, Barcellos & Baldisserotto 2014;Nordgreen, Tahamtani, Janczak & Horsberg 2014). Moreover, it is the only anaesthetic approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA 1997;Carter, Woodley & Brown 2011;Delbon & Ranzani-Paiva 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate) and propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) as anaesthetics for the tetraAstyanax altiparanae(Teleostei, Characidae)

2015

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the anaesthetic effect of MS-222 and propofol and determine their optimal concentrations for safe handling of the tetra Astyanax altiparanae in the laboratory. The fish were separated by length into three classes: I (1.5-5.0 cm), II (5.1-8.0 cm) and III (greater than 8.1 cm). Pilot tests were performed to evaluate the appropriate anaesthetic concentrations for inducing the five possible anaesthetic stages: I -sedation; II -light anaesthesia; IIIdeep anaesthesia; IV -surgical anaesthesia; and V -spinal collapse. After defining the maximum and minimum concentrations required to induce stage IV anaesthesia, the animals were exposed to five intermediate concentrations (n = 10 fish/concentration) of each anaesthetic for 15 min. The animals were then transferred to clean water to evaluate the time required for recovery. In addition, blood glucose levels were measured for class II and class III fish subjected to the previously defined ideal concentrations for each of the tested anaesthetics (n = 10 fish/treatment). Both evaluated substances are suitable to anaesthetize A. altiparanae. The optimal MS-222 concentration was 90 mg L À1 , and this result was similar for all three size classes. The optimal propofol concentrations for inducing surgical anaesthesia in the size classes I, II and III were 0.22, 0.23 and 0.27 respectively.

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“…Usually, during general surgical anesthesia in mammals a combination of several drugs cover analgesic, paralytic and anesthetic effects [9], while benzocaine and its derivates, as single substances, might cover all aspects during general anesthesia in fish and amphibians [5]. Assuming that caine-derivates potentially access all neuronal and myocytic elements during systemic applications, benzocaine or MS-222 could simultaneously block pain sensation [10], paralyze the animal by muscle relaxation and exert a general anesthesia [5] through a block of Na + -conductances [8] of cellular elements comprising the neuromuscular system (brain and muscles).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is at variance with benzocaine, which requires an organic solvent for its solubility [1]. After submergence in MS-222 (0.01–0.08%), a dose-dependent loss of the righting reflex and response to nociceptive stimuli was observed in leopard frogs [1] and decreased reactions to noxious stimuli have been reported in koi fish [10]. The impact on motor activity as well as on nociception suggests that along with the anesthetic effect, MS-222 as a single drug is well suited for surgical interventions in anamniote vertebrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222) as an Anesthetic Agent for Blocking Sensory-Motor Responses in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles

et al. 2014

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Anesthetics are drugs that reversibly relieve pain, decrease body movements and suppress neuronal activity. Most drugs only cover one of these effects; for instance, analgesics relieve pain but fail to block primary fiber responses to noxious stimuli. Alternately, paralytic drugs block synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions, thereby effectively paralyzing skeletal muscles. Thus, both analgesics and paralytics each accomplish one effect, but fail to singularly account for all three. Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is structurally similar to benzocaine, a typical anesthetic for anamniote vertebrates, but contains a sulfate moiety rendering this drug more hydrophilic. MS-222 is used as anesthetic in poikilothermic animals such as fish and amphibians. However, it is often argued that MS-222 is only a hypnotic drug and its ability to block neural activity has been questioned. This prompted us to evaluate the potency and dynamics of MS-222-induced effects on neuronal firing of sensory and motor nerves alongside a defined motor behavior in semi-intact in vitro preparations of Xenopus laevis tadpoles. Electrophysiological recordings of extraocular motor discharge and both spontaneous and evoked mechanosensory nerve activity were measured before, during and after administration of MS-222, then compared to benzocaine and a known paralytic, pancuronium. Both MS-222 and benzocaine, but not pancuronium caused a dose-dependent, reversible blockade of extraocular motor and sensory nerve activity. These results indicate that MS-222 as benzocaine blocks the activity of both sensory and motor nerves compatible with the mechanistic action of effective anesthetics, indicating that both caine-derivates are effective as single-drug anesthetics for surgical interventions in anamniotes.

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Physiologic and biochemical measurements and response to noxious stimulation at various concentrations of MS-222 in Koi (Cyprinus carpio)

Cited by 14 publications

References 45 publications

Do Fish Perceive Anaesthetics as Aversive?

Do Fish Perceive Anaesthetics as Aversive?

Use of MS-222 (tricaine methanesulfonate) and propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) as anaesthetics for the tetraAstyanax altiparanae(Teleostei, Characidae)

Efficacy of Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS-222) as an Anesthetic Agent for Blocking Sensory-Motor Responses in Xenopus laevis Tadpoles

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