Physiologic and acoustic differences between male and female voices

Titze, Ingo R.

doi:10.1121/1.397959

Cited by 489 publications

(324 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Entretanto, a fala encadeada permite tal diferenciação, devido aos aspectos morfossintáticos e semân-ticos relacionados ao sexo (Behlau et al, 2001a;Boone & McFarlane, 2003;Titze, 1989).…”

Section: Muda Vocal Incompleta Aspectos Fisiológicosunclassified

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Disfonia funcional psicogênica por puberfonia do tipo muda vocal incompleta: aspectos fisiológicos e psicológicos

Cielo

Beber

Maggi

et al. 2009

Estud. psicol. (Campinas)

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Este artigo tem por finalidade discutir criticamente os aspectos fisiológicos e psicológicos da disfonia funcional psicogênica por puberfonia do tipo muda vocal incompleta, esclarecendo os objetivos da terapia fonoaudiológica e os fatores que podem interferir no prognóstico. O estudo foi realizado a partir de uma consulta sistemática a fontes clássicas e atuais da literatura científica nacional e internacional. Com base nos aspectos abordados, foi possível concluir que a conduta fonoaudiológica fundamenta-se em técnicas que visam à diminuição da frequência fundamental a partir do abaixamento da laringe. No entanto, faz-se necessário um trabalho interdisciplinar, visto que as causas deste quadro são predominantemente emocionais.

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Section: Muda Vocal Incompleta Aspectos Fisiológicosunclassified

“…A dimensão ântero-posterior da laringe masculina pode chegar a ser 20% maior que a da feminina (Titze, 1989).…”

Section: Muda Vocal Incompleta Aspectos Fisiológicosunclassified

Disfonia funcional psicogênica por puberfonia do tipo muda vocal incompleta: aspectos fisiológicos e psicológicos

Cielo

Beber

Maggi

et al. 2009

Estud. psicol. (Campinas)

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“…This is because we are able to generate -pitch‖ for whispered speech in the brain, so to speak, with guidance from our implicit knowledge that the formant frequencies of vowels tend to correlate with F0 (Fant 1970, Titze 1989, Fitch and Giedd 1999, Higashikawa and Minifie 1999. Figure 11 shows a block diagram of the speech transformation subsystem.…”

Section: Type 3: Transformation Of Silent-speech Into Whispered Speechmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silent-speech enhancement using body-conducted vocal-tract resonance signals

Hirahara

Otani

Shimizu

et al. 2010

Speech Communication

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The physical characteristics of weak body-conducted vocal-tract resonance signals called non-audible murmur (NAM) and the acoustic characteristics of three sensors developed for detecting these signals have been investigated. NAM signals attenuate 50 dB at 1 kHz; this attenuation consists of 30-dB full-range attenuation due to air-to-body transmission loss and −10 dB/octave spectral decay due to a sound propagation loss within the body. These characteristics agree with the spectral characteristics of measured NAM signals. The sensors have a sensitivity of between −41 and −58 dB [V/Pa] at 1 kHz, and the mean signal-to-noise ratio of the detected signals was 15 dB. On the basis of these investigations, three types of silent-speech enhancement systems were developed: (1) simple, direct amplification of weak vocal-tract resonance signals using a wired urethane-elastomer NAM microphone, (2) simple, direct amplification using a wireless urethane-elastomer-duplex NAM microphone, and (3) transformation of the weak vocal-tract resonance signals sensed by a soft-silicone NAM microphone into whispered speech using statistical conversion. Field testing of the systems showed that they enable voice impaired people to communicate verbally using body-conducted vocal-tract resonance signals. Listening tests demonstrated that weak body-conducted vocal-tract resonance sounds can be transformed into intelligible whispered speech sounds. Using these systems, people with voice impairments can re-acquire speech communication with less effort. Keywords: non-audible murmur, body-conducted sound, voice conversion, talking aids, -2 - IntroductionWhile microphones have been used in many scientific fields to sense speech sounds, a recently developed device called a -non-audible murmur (NAM) microphone‖ is receiving increasing attention as a new means for picking up body-conducted speech (Heracleous et al., 2003, Nakajima et al., 2006, Toda et al., 2005b, Nakamura et al., 2006. Typically, the speech sound used is air-borne sound, which is small, fast vibration of the air. Vibration of the air column in the vocal tract vibrates the tract wall, and some of the sound energy generated passes through the tissues of the neck and chest. The body-conducted sound that travels through the neck tissue can be sensed using a sensor modified from a microphone. Actually, speech sounds propagate not only through the air and the bone but also through the body tissue, including the muscles. Nakajima, a pioneer in NAM development, found that murmured speech, which is usually unheard by people nearby, can be detected by using a sensor attached to the neck behind the ear (Nakajima et al., 2003a). This body-conducted weak murmur is called -non-audible murmur (NAM)‖, and the sensor is known as a NAM microphone.Nakajima originally detected NAM using a stethoscopic NAM microphone (Nakajima et al., 2003a(Nakajima et al., , 2003b, which is an electret condenser microphone (ECM) implanted into a standard medical-use stethoscope with the tubes removed. When this...

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“…This is consistent with results showing that men tend to have longer, thicker, less stiff, more dense vocal-folds, along with more complete glottal closure as a result of greater tissue bulk in the vocal folds. 7 All of these factors should lead men, on average, to have a greater likelihood of voicing given the same transglottal pressure. 4,8,11 Our modeling work [12][13] similarly indicates that scaling a simple laryngeal model down to sizes appropriate for women and children yields a smaller range of conditions that permit voicing.…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[4][5][6][7][8][9] The phonation threshold pressure, 8 which represents the minimum transglottal pressure required for phonation, provides a convenient way of quantifying the conditions under which voicing is possible. All else being equal, phonation threshold pressures are lower (i.e., phonation can be initiated or sustained with less of a driving force) for greater vocal-fold thicknesses, lower longitudinal tensions, smaller abduction degrees, more convergent glottal angles, and lower tissue damping values.…”

Section: Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Laryngeal and Aerodynamic Adjustments for Voicing Versus Devoicing of /h/: A Within-Speaker Study

2008

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Objectives-To explore how effectively a phonetically-trained speaker could alter the likelihood of voicing around abduction, and what changes he made to do so.Study Design-Within-speaker case study. Methods-AnAmerican English-speaking male produced intervocalic /h/ in varying loudness and vowel contexts. When given no specific instructions about voicing (block 1), he produced almost entirely voiced /h/. He was then asked to devoice /h/ (block 2). Measures of voicing, baseline airflow, pulse amplitudes, f0, open quotient, and speed quotient were made from oral airflow signals. Subglottal pressure was estimated from intraoral pressures during /p/.Results-In block 2, the speaker produced 70% devoiced /h/. He achieved this by making several changes associated with higher phonation threshold pressures: greater abduction degrees, lower subglottal pressures, greater longitudinal tension of the vocal folds, and altered laryngeal settings. Qualitative inspection of the DC flow contours along with correlational and principal components analyses indicated wide-spread changes in respiratory, laryngeal, and supralaryngeal settings, and differing interrelationships among variables.Conclusions-Our speaker showed tacit knowledge of the range of parameters affecting voicing. Differing relationships among variables across the two blocks support a view of phonation as a dynamic process, where speakers adjust multiple parameters simultaneously.1 Preliminary results of this study were presented at the 150th meeting of the Acoustical Society of America, Minneapolis, MN.

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Physiologic and acoustic differences between male and female voices

Cited by 489 publications

References 8 publications

Disfonia funcional psicogênica por puberfonia do tipo muda vocal incompleta: aspectos fisiológicos e psicológicos

Disfonia funcional psicogênica por puberfonia do tipo muda vocal incompleta: aspectos fisiológicos e psicológicos

Silent-speech enhancement using body-conducted vocal-tract resonance signals

Laryngeal and Aerodynamic Adjustments for Voicing Versus Devoicing of /h/: A Within-Speaker Study

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