Physicomechanical properties of filled natural rubber vulcanizates modified with phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid

Abstract

Effect of fillers like carbon black, silica, and china clay on the cure characteristics and physicomechanical properties of natural rubber (NR) modified with phosphorylated cashew nut shell liquid (PCNSL) in various proportions has been studied. Prominent cure retardation has been observed with progressive increase in concentration of PCNSL from 0 to 20 phr. The softening effect of PCNSL on the vulcanizate has been displayed by the linear decrease in hardness and tensile modulus and the increase in elongation at break with the increase in concentration of PCNSL. The results on the tensile and tear strengths of the vulcanizates showed that the reinforcing effect of the fillers were maximized at concentrations of PCNSL ranging from 5 to 10 phr. Also, the PCNSL-modified NR vulcanizates showed improved resistance to thermo-oxidative ageing and decomposition, especially at the higher concentration of 20 phr.

Use of ground pistachio shell as alternative filler in natural rubber/styrene-butadiene rubber-based rubber compounds

“…Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) and its derivatives have long been used as rubber compounding additives in various roles such as plasticizers, antioxidants, and vulcanizate property modifiers . Menon et al studied cure characteristics and physicomechanical properties of NR vulcanizates modified with phosphorylated CNSL (PCNSL). PCNSL‐modified NR vulcanizates showed improved thermooxidative aging and decomposition, especially at the higher concentration.…”

Effects of diffusion of a naturally-derived plasticizer from soft PVC

“…Cardanol presents chemical and physical properties very close to those of DEHP. It is reported that properties of natural rubber (NR) modified with phosphorylated cardanol have been found to be superior to those obtained by DEHP [26]. Also, phosphorylated cardanol has been used as an effective plasticizer for ethyleneepropyleneediene rubber [27], polychloroprene and polybutadiene rubber [28], and LLDPE/EVA copolymer blends [29].…”

Challenges for Natural Monomers and Polymers: Novel Design Strategies and Engineering to Develop Advanced Polymers

“…The phosphorus-modified CNSL prepolymer has been found to act as a multifunctional additive in NR in various roles. It can act as cross-linkable plasticizer, softener, tackifier, antidegradant and improver of thermal stability, improver of mechanical properties of vulcanizates, such astensile strength, tear strength and fatigue resistance, and coupling agent between filler and rubber [166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182]. Introducing free radical polymerizable moieties would enable cardanol to become a potential monomer for the molecular design of high-value polymers [183][184][185].…”