Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Mg-Doped Calcium Silicate Endodontic Cement

Abstract

Calcium silicate-based cement has been widely used for endodontic repair. However, it has a long setting time and needs to shorten setting time. This study investigated the effects of magnesium (Mg) ion on the setting reaction, mechanical properties, and biological properties of calcium silicate cement (CSC). Sol-gel route was used to synthesize Mg ion-doped calcium silicate cement. Synthesized cement was formulated with the addition of different contents of Mg ion, according to 0, 1, 3, 5 mol% of Mg ion-doped calcium silicate. The synthesized cements were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also evaluated the physicochemical and biological properties of cement, such as the setting time, compressive strength, micro-hardness, simulated body fluid (SBF) immersion, cytotoxicity, and cell differentiation tests. As a result, the Mg ion improves the hydration properties of calcium silicate cement, and the setting time is reduced by increasing the amounts of Mg ion. However, the mechanical properties deteriorated with increasing Mg ion, and 1 and 3 mol% Mg-doped calcium silicate had appropriate mechanical properties. Also, the results of biological properties such as cytotoxicity, ALP activity, and ARS staining improved with Mg ion. Consequently, the optimal condition is 3 mol% of Mg ion-doped calcium silicate (3%Mg-CSC).

Morphological and Chemical Analysis of Different Types of Calcium Silicate-Based Cements

“…Among the various trace elements, magnesium is a mineral element that has a stimulatory influence on the development of bone. The results of biological properties such as cytotoxicity improved with magnesium ions of calcium silicate cement (CSC) [ 47 ].…”

Sol–Gel Technologies to Obtain Advanced Bioceramics for Dental Therapeutics

“…The synthesis of a magnesium-calcium silicate cement (Mg-CS) with Mg content of up to 10 mol% has been achieved using TEOS, CaN and Mg(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O as precursors, nitric acid as a catalyst and absolute ethanol as the solvent, followed by heat treatment at 800 • C for 2 h and ball milling for 6 h in ethyl alcohol using a centrifugal ball mill [252]. Using similar reactive compounds, different formulations including 1, 3 or 5 mol% of Mg to satisfy the (Mg + Ca)/Si molar ratio of 3, were also investigated after heat treatment at 1400 • C. It could be seen that the Mg ion incorporated into the C3S phase and residual Mg ion remained in the Mg(OH) 2 phase, which plays the role of hydration accelerator, and the setting time was shortened [253]. C2S, C2S-xZn and C2S-xCu powders with different percentages (x = 5% or 10%) of Zn-or Cu-substituted Ca were also synthesized by a modified sol-gel method using a silica sol (SiO 2 , containing 25.5% SiO 2 ), CaN and Zn(NO 3 ) 2 6H 2 O or Cu(NO 3 ) 2 3H 2 O with a nominal (CaO + ZnO + CuO)/SiO 2 molar ratio of 1.8:1, an ethanol-water mixture and heat treatment at 800 • C for 3 h [254].…”

Bioactive Inorganic Materials for Dental Applications: A Narrative Review

“…To overcome these limitations, other components such as magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and zirconium (Zr) could be added to form ternary compounds. The addition of these components could not only improve the mechanical properties of the calcium-silicate materials, but also maintain the bioactive properties, as shown in Figure 9 [ 138 , 139 ].…”

“… SEM images of calcium silicate and co-synthesized 1%, 3%, and 5% Mg-calcium silicate (Mg-CSC) cements after immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF) for 21 days; all samples presented the foil-like C-S-H aggregates (yellow arrows); 5% Mg-CSC showed hydroxyl-magnesium-silicate minerals [ 139 ]. …”