The incidence of periodontal diseases is associated with multiple comorbidities that influence a patient’s treatment planning. This study evaluates the relation between periodontal disease and multiple comorbidities reported in the Saudi population from the Eastern province. This study was conducted on 190 patients, who visited the periodontology clinics at Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia. Demographic data, smoking habits, past medical and dental histories, blood pressure, random blood glucose, and recent haemoglobin A1c were recorded. A comprehensive periodontal examination included the number of missing teeth, pocket depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and mobility of all teeth except third molars. Radiographic bone loss was measured on standardized full-mouth periapical radiographs. Multivariable regression models were calculated aiming to see the association between different comorbidities and alveolar bone loss with confounders controlled. Out of 190 periodontitis patients, 56 (29.5%) were males and 134 (70.5%) were females. More than half of the patients (60%) were between 26 and 50 years, 30% of them had diabetes, and 18% were smokers. The risk of alveolar bone loss was higher in persons who had diabetes and those who had both diabetes and coronary heart disease than those who did not, although the association was not statistically significant ( B = 1.26 , 95 % CI = − 0.30 , 2.82, and B = 2.86 , 95 % CI = − 1.25 , 6.96, respectively). The risk of alveolar bone loss was significantly higher among persons with diabetes and hypertension ( B = 2.82 and 95 % CI = 0.89 , 4.75). Collectively, the risk of alveolar bone loss in periodontitis patients increases with diabetes in the presence of other comorbidities regardless of smoking or gender.

Over time, much attention has been given to the use of bioceramics for biomedical applications; however, the recent trend has been gaining traction to apply these materials for dental restorations. The bioceramics (mainly bioactive) are exceptionally biocompatible and possess excellent bioactive and biological properties due to their similar chemical composition to human hard tissues. However, concern has been noticed related to their mechanical properties. All dental materials based on bioactive materials must be biocompatible, long-lasting, mechanically strong enough to bear the masticatory and functional load, wear-resistant, easily manipulated, and implanted. This review article presents the basic structure, properties, and dental applications of different bioactive materials i.e., amorphous calcium phosphate, hydroxyapatite, tri-calcium phosphate, mono-calcium phosphate, calcium silicate, and bioactive glass. The advantageous properties and limitations of these materials are also discussed. In the end, future directions and proposals are given to improve the physical and mechanical properties of bioactive materials-based dental materials.

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