Physico-Chemically Distinct Nanomaterials Synthesized from Derivates of a Poly(Anhydride) Diversify the Spectrum of Loadable Antibiotics

Abstract

Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology such as nanoencapsulation offer new biomedical applications, potentially increasing the scope and efficacy of therapeutic drug delivery. In addition, the discovery and development of novel biocompatible polymers increases the versatility of these encapsulating nanostructures, enabling chemical properties of the cargo and vehicle to be adapted to specific physiological requirements. Here, we evaluate the capacity of various polymeric nanostructures to encapsulate various antibiotics of different classes, with differing chemical structure. Polymers were sourced from two separate derivatives of poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PMVE/MA): an acid (PMVE/MA-Ac) and a monoethyl ester (PMVE/MA-Es). Nanoencapsulation of antibiotics was attempted through electrospinning, and nanoparticle synthesis through solvent displacement, for both polymers. Solvent incompatibilities prevented the nanoencapsulation of amikacin, neomycin and ciprofloxacin in PMVE/MA-Es nanofibers. However, all compounds were successfully loaded into PMVE/MA-Es nanoparticles. Encapsulation efficiencies in nanofibers reached approximately 100% in all compatible systems; however, efficiencies varied substantially in nanoparticles systems, depending on the tested compound (14%–69%). Finally, it was confirmed that both these encapsulation processes did not alter the antimicrobial activity of any tested antibiotic against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, supporting the viability of these approaches for nanoscale delivery of antibiotics.

Formation of Multicolor Nanogels Based on Cationic Polyfluorenes and Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic monoethyl ester): Potential Use as pH-Responsive Fluorescent Drug Carriers

“…Finally, the organic solvent was removed by vacuum rotary-evaporation, and the volume was completed up to 2.5 mL with MilliQ water, obtaining final PMVEMA-Es concentrations ranging from 10 to 40 mM, in terms of repeat units. The hydrodynamic diameter of NPs, measured by dynamic light scatter-ing, increased from 100 to 325 nm with increasing polymer concentration (Figure S11), as was previously observed by members of our group [13]. According to the literature, nanoparticles <10 nm tend to be more easily excreted, while nanoparticles >200 nm tend to experiment nonspecific interactions with biological components, inducing their opsonization and subsequent elimination [61].…”

“…Polyanhydrides represent an important class of polymers that has been used for medical purposes including encapsulation of drugs in nanoparticles [11][12][13]. They can be prepared easily from available, low-cost resources and can be manipulated to meet markers for bioimaging and sensing devices and have recently been used to develop multicolor fluorescent liposomal nanoparticles activated by temperature, capable of being excited at the same wavelength [35][36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

Residual Helicity at the Active Site of the Histidine Phosphocarrier, HPr, Modulates Binding Affinity to Its Natural Partners

“…The CECT59 strain of the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus from the Spanish Type Culture Collection (Colección Española de Cultivos Tipo, CECT, Universitat de Valencia, Spain) was used for determining its sensitivity to the HPr peptides studied in this work. The MIC for each peptide was determined by the two-fold broth microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines [ 70 ], with some modifications as previously described [ 71 ]. For this testing procedure, a bacteria colony previously grown in MH agar plates was isolated and incubated in MH broth at 37 °C overnight to prepare the bacteria inoculum to be used in each assay.…”

L-Menthol-Loadable Electrospun Fibers of PMVEMA Anhydride for Topical Administration

“…Regarding the materials that can be used for this purpose, copolymers of alternating methyl vinyl ether and maleic anhydride allow the construction of different types of drug-loadable nanostructures that meet clinical needs through relatively facile and short protocols [38,39]; however, they have not been tested for this purpose so far. Based on our previous studies on electrospun nanofibers made of polymers of this chemical family [40][41][42], in this work we used poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic anhydride) (PMVEMA) of two molecular weights, 119 (P119) and 139 (P139), to produce fibers (F 119 s and F 139 s, respectively) loaded with menthol. With this end, the electrospinning process was optimized in order to obtain homogenous, bead-free fibers within the micro/nanoscale.…”