Physical stimulations and their osteogenesis-inducing mechanisms

Abstract

Physical stimulations such as magnetic, electric and mechanical stimulation could enhance cell activity and promote bone formation in bone repair process via activating signal pathways, modulating ion channels, regulating bone-related gene expressions, etc. In this paper, bioeffects of physical stimulations on cell activity, tissue growth and bone healing were systematically summarized, which especially focused on their osteogenesis-inducing mechanisms. Detailedly, magnetic stimulation could produce Hall effect which improved the permeability of cell membrane and promoted the migration of ions, especially accelerating the extracellular calcium ions to pass through cell membrane. Electric stimulation could induce inverse piezoelectric effect which generated electric signals, accordingly up-regulating intracellular calcium levels and growth factor synthesis. And mechanical stimulation could produce mechanical signals which were converted into corresponding biochemical signals, thus activating various signaling pathways on cell membrane and inducing a series of gene expressions. Besides, the equipments of physical stimulation system were discussed. The opportunities and challenges of physical stimulations were also presented from the perspective of bone repair.

Bioprinting of Collagen: Considerations, Potentials, and Applications

“…[249] The pore sizes of porous 3D scaffolds provide critical cues in regulation of the cellular behavior and functions. [250] Notably, highly complex hierarchical porous structures have been found in numerous tissues such as skin, [251][252][253] cornea, [254] and even bone, [255] and the importance of such structures has been highlighted. [256,257] Some of the conventional approaches for fabrication of 3D porous scaffolds such as electrospinning, freeze-drying, gas foaming, phase separation, and solvent casting-particulate leaching have limited control and consistency over the scaffold microstructure.…”

Investigating the Effect of Carbon Nanomaterials Reinforcing Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Printed Scaffolds for Bone Repair Applications

“…Their capacity to stimulate cells is also another important requirement. Due to the piezoelectric and reverse piezoelectric nature of bone, electrical signals are critical physiological stimuli that strongly affect cell behavior controlling cell migration, adhesion, differentiation, DNA synthesis, and protein secretion[ 5 ]. A wide range of polymers (e.g., poly(glycolic acid), poly(lactic acid), poly( ε -caprolactone) [PCL], and poly(lactide-co-glycolide)), ceramic materials (e.g., hydroxyapatite [HA] and β-tricalcium phosphate [TCP]), and composites have been used to produce bone scaffolds[ 6 - 8 ].…”

Establishment of a Numerical Model to Design an Electro-Stimulating System for a Porcine Mandibular Critical Size Defect

“…Taking advantage of bone's bioelectric properties, electrical stimulation for bone regeneration was attempted as early as in the 1950s with Yasuda [22] as the "pioneer" in the field of bone bioelectricity and stimulation. Since then, accelerated bone regeneration due to electrical stimulation has been widely investigated in numerous in vitro, in vivo, in silico, and clinical studies [23,24].…”