Physical–chemical properties and evaluative fate modelling of ‘emerging’ and ‘novel’ brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in the indoor and outdoor environment

Liagkouridis, Ioannis; Cousins, Anna Palm; Cousins, Ian T.

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.02.106

Cited by 79 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Although strong deviations above one could very well be indications of emission to dust, overall we lack a clear, consistent signal; even further, many E d / E a ratios are lower than 1. Moreover, DPTE and DBDPE, a compound with environmental behavior indoors similar to BDE‐209, lie almost exclusively below one. TBECH is the only FR which lies consistently over one.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The physicochemical properties of the 26 FRs used as model input are listed in Table S4. The octanol‐water ( K OW ) and air‐water ( K AW ) partition coefficients were taken from Liagkouridis et al . The octanol‐air partition coefficient ( K OA ) is calculated as the octanol‐water/air‐water partition coefficient ratio ( K OW / K AW ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous work, we have discussed how these semi‐volatile organic chemicals (SVOCs) can be released from indoor sources and demonstrated what their likely fate is once they are emitted to indoor air . The emission magnitude and the emission mechanism are key factors in determining FR levels indoors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust

et al. 2016

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A significant number of consumer goods and building materials can act as emission sources of flame retardants (FRs) in the indoor environment. We investigate the relationship between the emission source strength and the levels of 19 brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and seven organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in air and dust collected in 38 indoor microenvironments in Norway. We use modeling methods to back-calculate emission rates from indoor air and dust measurements and identify possible indications of an emission-to-dust pathway. Experimentally based emission estimates provide a satisfactory indication of the relative emission strength of indoor sources. Modeling results indicate an up to two orders of magnitude enhanced emission strength for OPFRs (median emission rates of 0.083 and 0.41 μg h for air-based and dust-based estimates) compared to BFRs (0.52 and 0.37 ng h median emission rates). A consistent emission-to-dust signal, defined as higher dust-based than air-based emission estimates, was identified for four of the seven OPFRs, but only for one of the 19 BFRs. It is concluded, however, that uncertainty in model input parameters could potentially lead to the false identification of an emission-to-dust signal.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust

et al. 2016

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“…In contrast to the current practice of investigating the potential harmful properties of flame retardants after their introduction into the market, we applied here a series of human in vitro screening assays to allow a fundamental toxicological classification before the production and application of halogen-free bis -DOPO compounds on an industrial scale. In contrast with the vast literature on polybrominated diethyl ethers, covering aspects such as indoor and outdoor contamination levels, human uptake routes, accumulation in different organs and tissues, and toxic effects in a variety of in vitro and in vivo test systems (Watkins et al 2011; Stapleton et al 2014; Lyche et al 2015; Liagkouridis et al 2015), only limited data on DOPO toxicity, and no information on the harmful influence of bis -DOPO derivatives, are available.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multiparameter toxicity assessment of novel DOPO-derived organophosphorus flame retardants

Hirsch

Striegl²,

Mathes

et al. 2016

Arch Toxicol

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Halogen-free organophosphorus flame retardants are considered as replacements for the phased-out class of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). However, toxicological information on new flame retardants is still limited. Based on their excellent flame retardation potential, we have selected three novel 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) derivatives and assessed their toxicological profile using a battery of in vitro test systems in order to provide toxicological information before their large-scale production and use. PBDE-99, applied as a reference compound, exhibited distinct neuro-selective cytotoxicity at concentrations ≥10 µM. 6-(2-((6-oxido-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinin-6-yl)amino)ethoxy)-6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide (ETA-DOPO) and 6,6′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(oxy))bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine-6-oxide) (EG-DOPO) displayed adverse effects at concentrations >10 µM in test systems reflecting the properties of human central and peripheral nervous system neurons, as well as in a set of non-neuronal cell types. DOPO and its derivative 6,6′-(ethane-1,2-diylbis(azanediyl))bis(6H-dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine-6-oxide) (EDA-DOPO) were neither neurotoxic, nor did they exhibit an influence on neural crest cell migration, or on the integrity of human skin equivalents. The two compounds furthermore displayed no inflammatory activation potential, nor did they affect algae growth or daphnia viability at concentrations ≤400 µM. Based on the superior flame retardation properties, biophysical features suited for use in polyurethane foams, and low cytotoxicity of EDA-DOPO, our results suggest that it is a candidate for the replacement of currently applied flame retardants.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00204-016-1680-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…[5][6][7][8] A common group of chemical additives is brominated flame retardants (BFRs) which are used in building materials and consumer products to prevent the spread of fire. 6,[14][15][16][17] Among these, the fully brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), was one of the most frequently used and this compound has subsequently been detected in indoor environments such as homes and preschools. 6,[14][15][16][17] Among these, the fully brominated PBDE, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209), was one of the most frequently used and this compound has subsequently been detected in indoor environments such as homes and preschools.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal trends of decabromodiphenyl ether and emerging brominated flame retardants in dust, air and window surfaces of newly built low‐energy preschools

2019

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The envelope of low‐energy buildings is generally constructed with significant amounts of plastics, sealants and insulation materials that are known to contain various chemical additives to improve specific functionalities. A commonly used group of additives are flame retardants to prevent the spread of fire. In this study, decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE‐209) and fourteen emerging brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were analyzed in indoor dust, air and on the window surface of newly built low‐energy preschools to study their occurrence and distribution. BDE‐209 and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE) were frequently detected in the indoor dust (BDE‐209: <4.1‐1200 ng/g, DBDPE: <2.2‐420 ng/g) and on window surfaces (BDE‐209: <1000‐20 000 pg/m2, DBDPE: <34‐5900 pg/m2) while the other thirteen BFRs were found in low levels (dust: <0.0020‐5.2 ng/g, window surface: 0.0078‐35 pg/m2). In addition, the detection frequencies of BFRs in the indoor air were low in all preschools. Interestingly, the dust levels of BDE‐209 and DBDPE were found to be lower in the environmentally certified low‐energy preschools, which could be attributed to stricter requirements on the chemical content in building materials and products. However, an increase of some BFR levels in dust was observed which could imply continuous emissions or introduction of new sources.

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Physical–chemical properties and evaluative fate modelling of ‘emerging’ and ‘novel’ brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in the indoor and outdoor environment

Cited by 79 publications

References 39 publications

Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust

Relationships between estimated flame retardant emissions and levels in indoor air and house dust

Multiparameter toxicity assessment of novel DOPO-derived organophosphorus flame retardants

Temporal trends of decabromodiphenyl ether and emerging brominated flame retardants in dust, air and window surfaces of newly built low‐energy preschools

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