Physical, chemical and microbiological water characteristics associated with the occurrence of Legionella in cooling tower systems

Kusnetsov, Jaana; Martikainen, Pertti J.; Jousimies‐Somer, Hannele; Väisänen, M.-L.; Tulkki, A.I.; Ahonen, H.E.; Nevalainen, Aino

doi:10.1016/0043-1354(93)90198-q

Cited by 40 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In this study, we used a different approach, focusing our investigation on one cooling tower facility over several months, but we also found no relationship between the dynamics of the Legionella population during the proliferation of L. pneumophila and the dynamics of the dominant bacteria in the system. It may be that the factors that regulate the occurrence of Legionella are different from those that govern overall bacterial populations in cooling tower systems (23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Legionella spp. and Bacterial Populations during the Proliferation of L. pneumophila in a Cooling Tower Facility

Wéry

Bru-Adan

Minervini

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The dynamics of Legionella spp. and of dominant bacteria were investigated in water from a cooling tower plant over a 9-month period which included several weeks when Legionella pneumophila proliferated. The structural diversity of both the bacteria and the Legionella spp. was monitored by a fingerprint technique, single-strand conformation polymorphism, and Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila were quantified by real-time quantitative PCR. The structure of the bacterial community did not change over time, but it was perturbed periodically by chemical treatment or biofilm detachment. In contrast, the structure of the Legionella sp. population changed in different periods, its dynamics at times showing stability but also a rapid major shift during the proliferation of L. pneumophila in July. The dynamics of the Legionella spp. and of dominant bacteria were not correlated. In particular, no change in the bacterial community structure was observed during the proliferation of L. pneumophila. Legionella spp. present in the cooling tower system were identified by cloning and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. A high diversity of Legionella spp. was observed before proliferation, including L. lytica, L. fallonii, and other Legionella-like amoebal pathogen types, along with as-yet-undescribed species. During the proliferation of L. pneumophila, Legionella sp. diversity decreased significantly, L. fallonii and L. pneumophila being the main species recovered.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of Legionella spp. and Bacterial Populations during the Proliferation of L. pneumophila in a Cooling Tower Facility

Wéry

Bru-Adan

Minervini

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…In many industries, cooling towers are commonly used for heat transfer from recirculated water to the atmosphere, typically by means of trickling or spraying the water over a material with high surface area [9]. These towers generally have sizable water reservoirs, with temperature typically maintained between 25 ∘ C and 35 ∘ C. These conditions provide an ideal environment for microbial growth and propagation [10][11][12][13]. Both microbes and the substrates for microbial growth can either be present in the incoming water or be introduced from the atmosphere.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Corrosive Bacterial Consortia Isolated from Water in a Cooling Tower

Rajasekar

Ting

2014

ISRN Corrosion

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An analysis of a culturable corrosive bacterial community in water samples from a cooling tower was performed using traditional cultivation techniques and its identification based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Seven aerobic bacterial species were identified: Pseudomonas putida ARTYP1, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ARTYP2, Massilia timonae ARTYP3, Massilia albidiflava ARTYP4, Pseudomonas mosselii ARTYP5, Massilia sp. ARTYP6, and Pseudomonas sp. ARTYP7. Although some of these species have commonly been observed and reported in biocorrosion studies, the genus Massilia is identified for the first time in water from a cooling tower. The biocorrosion behaviour of copper metal by the new species Massilia timonae ARTYP3 was selected for further investigation using a weight loss method, as well as electrochemical and surface analysis techniques (SEM, AFM, and FTIR). In contrast with an uninoculated system, thin bacterial biofilms and pitting corrosion were observed on the copper metal surface in the presence of M. timonae. The use of a biocide, bronopol, inhibited the formation of biofilm and pitting corrosion on the copper metal surface.

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“…Występowaniu zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego wody, w tym pałeczkami Legionella, sprzyja m.in. obecność biofilmu, osadów, korozja, niskie stężenia środków dezynfekcyjnych, zastój oraz temperatura wody w zakresie 25,4-42,5°C (3)(4)(5).…”

Section: Badania Poziomu Zanieczyszczeń Mikrobiologicznych Powietrzaunclassified

“…Podczas pobierania próbek wody do badań zaobserwowano obecność osadów i korozji. Sprzyja to zanieczyszczeniu mikrobiologicznemu systemów i instalacji wodnych i powstawaniu biofilmu, na co wskazują również inni autorzy (3,16,19).…”

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Occurrence of Legionella in Technological Water and Studies of the Total Number of Bacteria and Fungi in Indoor Air at Workplaces Where Water Aerosol Is Generated

Krogulska¹,

Matuszewska²,

Krogulski³

et al. 2014

Med Pr

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StreszczenieWstęp: Celem badań była ocena stopnia zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego wody i powietrza oraz ocena warunków sprzyjających rozwojowi mikroorganizmów, w tym pałeczek Legionella, w urządzeniach technologicznych. Materiał i metody: Badania mikrobiologiczne wody i powietrza przeprowadzono w 8 zakładach mechanicznej obróbki szkła. Łącznie pobrano 81 próbek wody z urządzeń wytwarzających aerozol wodny na stanowiskach pracy. W próbkach wody oznaczano pałeczki Legionella według PN-EN ISO 11731-2:2008E oraz ogólną liczbę mikroorganizmów według PN-EN ISO 6222:2004P. W próbkach powietrza, pobieranych metodą zderzeniową, oznaczano ogólną liczbę bakterii i grzybów. Wyniki: Badania wody technologicznej wykazały obecność pałeczek Legionella w 27,2% pobranych próbek wody. Bakterie te były obecne w próbkach wody pobranych zarówno z otwartych, jak i zamkniętych zbiorników wody technologicznej, a ich liczba wynosiła od 10 jtk/100 ml do 2,9×10 4 jtk/100 ml. Liczba towarzyszących im innych bakterii przekraczała 10 3 jtk/ml. We wszystkich próbkach Legionella-pozytywnych wyizolowane szczepy bakterii oznaczono, jako L. pneumophila sg 2-14. W 5 z 8 zakładów zaobserwowano wzrost ogólnej liczby bakterii i grzybów w powietrzu badanym w bezpośredniej bliskości źródła aerozolu. Wnioski: Zanieczyszczona mikrobiologicznie woda technologiczna, szczególnie bakteriami z rodzaju Legionella, stanowi realne zagrożenie dla zdrowia pracowników obsługujących urządzenia wytwarzające aerozol wodny. W celu obniżenia ryzyka infekcji wśród narażonych pracowników należy wprowadzić monitoring jakości wody technologicznej oraz procedury czyszczenia i dezynfekcji urządzeń generujących aerozol. Med. Pr. 2014;65(3):325-334 Słowa kluczowe: stanowiska pracy, zagrożenia biologiczne, woda technologiczna, aerozol wodny, powietrze, Legionella Abstract Background: The aim of the study was to confirm the fact that technological water is a significant carrier of Legionella, a potential serious threat to the health of operators of mechanical devices generating contaminated water aerosol. Material and Methods: Microbiological analyses of water and indoor air were conducted in 8 different production facilities involved in mechanical processing of glass. The study covered 81 samples of water collected from technical water systems. Isolation of Legionella and the determination of total number of microorganisms were processed according to PN-EN ISO 11731-2:2008E and PN-EN ISO 6222:2004P, respectively. Air samples were collected using air samplers and total numbers of bacteria and fungi were determined. Results: The studies of process water, indicated the presence of Legionella in 27.2% of collected samples. These bacteria were present in both closed and open process water reservoirs at 10 cfu/100 ml to 2.9×10 4 cfu/100 ml. The count of other associated bacteria exceeded 10 3 cfu/ml. All strains isolated from Legionella-positive samples were identified as L. pneumophila SG 2-14. In 5 of 8 studied production facilities an increased total number of aerial bacteria an...

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Physical, chemical and microbiological water characteristics associated with the occurrence of Legionella in cooling tower systems

Cited by 40 publications

References 25 publications

Dynamics of Legionella spp. and Bacterial Populations during the Proliferation of L. pneumophila in a Cooling Tower Facility

Dynamics of Legionella spp. and Bacterial Populations during the Proliferation of L. pneumophila in a Cooling Tower Facility

Characterization of Corrosive Bacterial Consortia Isolated from Water in a Cooling Tower

Occurrence of Legionella in Technological Water and Studies of the Total Number of Bacteria and Fungi in Indoor Air at Workplaces Where Water Aerosol Is Generated

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