The questionnaire survey revealed an increased risk of cough and acute symptoms suggestive of pneumonia in the group working at a shortest distance form the source of water aerosol.
obtained from water systems in public buildings in Poland were tested. Susceptibility testing was performed using the E-test method. The tested antibiotic were azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin. The medium used for the susceptibility testing was BCYE-, a special medium for Legionella cultivation. Results. Among the tested strains, L. pneumophila was the only one resistant to azithromycin. It was a strain of L. pneumophila SG 2-14 isolated from the water system in a sanitorium. All isolates were found to be sensitive to ciprofloxacin and rifampicin. However, the azithromycin-resistant strain exhibited higher ciprofloxacin and rifampicin MIC (1.5 μg/ml, and 0.19 μg/ml, respectively). The MIC 50 for azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin were 0,032, 0,125, and 0,003 μg/ml, respectively. The MIC 90 for azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and rifampicin were 0,032, 0,125, and 0,003 μg/ml, respectively. Conclusions. Azithromycin resistance was found in one strain of L. pneumophila SG 2-14, but the resistance mechanism is unknown and needs further study. It is possible that therapeutic failures in Legionnaires' disease may be associated with bacterial resistance which should be taken into account. The antibiotic sensitivity testing described in this study could be helpful in detecting the resistance of clinical L. pneumophila isolates. Ciprofloxacin and rifampicin have good in vitro activity against environmental L. pneumophila SG 1 and SG 2-14 in Poland.
StreszczenieWstęp: Celem badań była ocena stopnia zanieczyszczenia mikrobiologicznego wody i powietrza oraz ocena warunków sprzyjających rozwojowi mikroorganizmów, w tym pałeczek Legionella, w urządzeniach technologicznych. Materiał i metody: Badania mikrobiologiczne wody i powietrza przeprowadzono w 8 zakładach mechanicznej obróbki szkła. Łącznie pobrano 81 próbek wody z urządzeń wytwarzających aerozol wodny na stanowiskach pracy. W próbkach wody oznaczano pałeczki Legionella według PN-EN ISO 11731-2:2008E oraz ogólną liczbę mikroorganizmów według PN-EN ISO 6222:2004P. W próbkach powietrza, pobieranych metodą zderzeniową, oznaczano ogólną liczbę bakterii i grzybów. Wyniki: Badania wody technologicznej wykazały obecność pałeczek Legionella w 27,2% pobranych próbek wody. Bakterie te były obecne w próbkach wody pobranych zarówno z otwartych, jak i zamkniętych zbiorników wody technologicznej, a ich liczba wynosiła od 10 jtk/100 ml do 2,9×10 4 jtk/100 ml. Liczba towarzyszących im innych bakterii przekraczała 10 3 jtk/ml. We wszystkich próbkach Legionella-pozytywnych wyizolowane szczepy bakterii oznaczono, jako L. pneumophila sg 2-14. W 5 z 8 zakładów zaobserwowano wzrost ogólnej liczby bakterii i grzybów w powietrzu badanym w bezpośredniej bliskości źródła aerozolu. Wnioski: Zanieczyszczona mikrobiologicznie woda technologiczna, szczególnie bakteriami z rodzaju Legionella, stanowi realne zagrożenie dla zdrowia pracowników obsługujących urządzenia wytwarzające aerozol wodny. W celu obniżenia ryzyka infekcji wśród narażonych pracowników należy wprowadzić monitoring jakości wody technologicznej oraz procedury czyszczenia i dezynfekcji urządzeń generujących aerozol. Med. Pr. 2014;65(3):325-334 Słowa kluczowe: stanowiska pracy, zagrożenia biologiczne, woda technologiczna, aerozol wodny, powietrze, Legionella Abstract Background: The aim of the study was to confirm the fact that technological water is a significant carrier of Legionella, a potential serious threat to the health of operators of mechanical devices generating contaminated water aerosol. Material and Methods: Microbiological analyses of water and indoor air were conducted in 8 different production facilities involved in mechanical processing of glass. The study covered 81 samples of water collected from technical water systems. Isolation of Legionella and the determination of total number of microorganisms were processed according to PN-EN ISO 11731-2:2008E and PN-EN ISO 6222:2004P, respectively. Air samples were collected using air samplers and total numbers of bacteria and fungi were determined. Results: The studies of process water, indicated the presence of Legionella in 27.2% of collected samples. These bacteria were present in both closed and open process water reservoirs at 10 cfu/100 ml to 2.9×10 4 cfu/100 ml. The count of other associated bacteria exceeded 10 3 cfu/ml. All strains isolated from Legionella-positive samples were identified as L. pneumophila SG 2-14. In 5 of 8 studied production facilities an increased total number of aerial bacteria an...
IntroductionLegionella species are Gram negative, facultative, intracellular bacteria found in natural and engineered water systems. Understanding the bacterial interactions underlying the success of Legionella in aquatic environments could be beneficial for control.Materials and methodsWe aimed to profile, by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing (V3-V4), the bacterial communities in premise plumbing systems of buildings in four European cities (Copenhagen, Warsaw, Rome, Athens), and identify positive and negative associations of specific community members to culturable Legionella.ResultsThe coarse taxonomic composition was similar across the four cities, but Copenhagen and Warsaw had richer, more diverse communities than Athens and Rome, with a greater number of city-specific amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). The cities had statistically significant differences in bacterial communities at the ASV level, with relatively few shared ASVs. Out of 5,128 ASVs, 73 were classified as Legionella, and one or more of these were detected in most samples from each city (88.1% overall). Interestingly, the relative abundance of Legionella ASVs did not correlate with Legionella culture status. Overall, 44.2% of samples were Legionella culture positive: 71.4% in Warsaw, 62.2% in Athens, 22.2% in Rome, and 15.2% in Copenhagen. 54 specific ASVs and 42 genera had significant positive or negative associations with culturable Legionella. Negative associations included Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter. Positive associations included several Nitrospira ASVs and one classified as Nitrosomodaceae oc32, ASVs in the amoeba-associated genera Craurococcus-Caldovatus and Reyranella, and the predatory genus Bdellovibrio.DiscussionSome of these associations are well supported by laboratory studies, but others are the opposite of what was expected. This highlights the difficulties in translating pure culture results to in complex real-life scenarios. However, these positive and negative associations held across the four cities, across multiple buildings and plumbing compartments. This is important because developing better control measures, including probiotic approaches, will require an understanding of ecological relationships that can be generalised across different engineered water systems.
Legionella species are Gram negative, facultative, intracellular bacteria found in natural and engineered water systems. Understanding the bacterial interactions underlying the success of Legionella in aquatic environments could be beneficial for control. We aimed to profile, by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing, the bacterial communities in premise plumbing systems of buildings in four European cities (Copenhagen, Warsaw, Rome, Athens), and identify positive and negative associations of specific community members to culturable Legionella. The coarse taxonomic composition was similar across the four cities, but Copenhagen and Warsaw had richer, more diverse communities than Athens and Rome, with a greater number of city-specific amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). The cities had statistically significant differences in bacterial communities at the ASV level, with relatively few shared ASVs. Out of 5,128 ASVs, 73 were classified as Legionella, and one or more of these were detected in most samples from each city (88.1% overall). Interestingly, the relative abundance of Legionella ASVs did not correlate with Legionella culture status. Overall, 44.2% of samples were Legionella culture positive: 71.4% in Warsaw, 62.2% in Athens, 22.2% in Rome, and 15.2% in Copenhagen. 54 specific ASVs and 42 genera had significant positive or negative associations with culturable Legionella. Negative associations included Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, and Acinetobacter. Positive associations included several Nitrospira ASVs and one classified as Nitrosomodaceae oc32, ASVs in the amoeba-associated genera Craurococcus-Caldovatus and Reyranella, and the predatory genus Bdellovibrio. Some of these associations are well supported by laboratory studies, but others are the opposite of what was expected. This highlights the difficulties in translating pure culture results to into complex real-life scenarios. However, these positive and negative associations held across the four cities, across multiple buildings and plumbing compartments. This is important because developing better control measures, including probiotic approaches, will require an understanding of ecological relationships that can be generalised across different engineered water systems.
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