Physical, Chemical, and Electrochemical Properties of Redox-Responsive Polybenzopyrrole as Electrode Material for Faradaic Energy Storage

Abstract

Polybenzopyrrole (Pbp) is an emerging candidate for electrochemical energy conversion and storage. There is a need to develop synthesis strategies for this class of polymers that can help improve its overall properties and make it as suitable for energy storage applications as other well-studied polymers in this substance class, such as polyaniline and polypyrrole. In this study, by synthesizing Pbp in surfactant-supported acidic medium, we were able to show that the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of Pbp-based electrodes are strongly influenced by the respective polymerization conditions. Through appropriate optimization of various reaction parameters, a significant enhancement of the thermal stability (up to 549.9 °C) and the electrochemical properties could be achieved. A maximum specific capacitance of 166.0 ± 2.0 F g−1 with an excellent cycle stability of 87% after 5000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1 was achieved. In addition, a particularly high-power density of 2.75 kW kg−1 was obtained for this polybenzopyrrole, having a gravimetric energy density of 17 Wh kg−1. The results show that polybenzopyrroles are suitable candidates to compete with other conducting polymers as electrode materials for next-generation Faradaic supercapacitors. In addition, the results of the current study can also be easily applied to other systems and used for adaptations or new syntheses of advanced hybrid/composite Pbp-based electrode materials.

Development, Investigation, and Comparative Study of the Effects of Various Metal Oxides on Optical Electrochemical Properties Using a Doped PANI Matrix

“…The curves of each hybrid material exhibited a common feature, i.e., thermal decomposition in three different ranges. An initial weight loss (~5%) at a temperature >120 °C was associated with the evaporation of entrapped water, solvent, or monomer molecules in the sample [ 41 ]. This was followed by a second weight loss in the range of 150 to 450 °C due to the PANI chain doping and polymer moiety degradation [ 18 ].…”

Synthesis, Characterization and Electrochemical Performance of a Redox-Responsive Polybenzopyrrole@Nickel Oxide Nanocomposite for Robust and Efficient Faraday Energy Storage

“…On the other hand, the sharp peaks at 2θ = 37.3° (111), 43.4° (200), 62.6° (220), 74.9° (311), and 78.7° (222) revealed the presence of face-centered core crystalline NiO (JCPDS no. 04-0835) embedded in Pbp [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. The appearance of characteristic diffraction peaks in the Pbp@NiO 0.2 suggests that NiO is embedded in the Pbp host matrix and yet maintains a high degree of crystallinity.…”

“…As compared to the bulky H 3 C(CH 2 ) 11 (C 6 H 6 )SO 3 −1 ions, the small HSO 4 −1 anions in the Pbp chain are expected to be replaced with SO 4 −2 ions of electrolyte more readily. Moreover, the existence of such redox pairs in CV due to the ion intercalation at the interface between the electrode and electrolyte is the evidence of tremendous electro-activity, excellent reversibility, and faradaic nature of both pure Pbp and Pbp@NiO 0.2 nanocomposite electrode materials [ 45 ].…”

“…The coulombic efficiency remained about 19% at 0.5 A g −1 while higher current densities resulted in a steady increase up to a steady value of 112% above 3.5 A g −1 . The higher energy efficiency at high current densities is attributed to the distortable insertion/de-insertion at the interface between the Pbp@NiO 0.2 electrode and electrolyte at high current densities [ 45 , 61 ].…”

Aligned Ti3C2TX Aerogel with High Rate Performance, Power Density and Sub-Zero-Temperature Stability

“…where I denotes current density (A g −1 or mA cm −2 ), ∆t refers to discharge time (s), ∆V denotes the potential window (V) excluding voltage drop, respectively. The energy density E (mWh cm −2 ) and power density P (mW cm −2 ) derived from GCD tests in symmetric supercapacitors are given by [30,31]:…”