“…Nonetheless, the physical and chemical properties of urban soils (from the Latin word for city, 'urbs') often differ significantly from natural soils due to, e.g., construction activities that cause mechanical disturbances, and more frequent occurrences of unnatural components such as construction residues and contaminants from industries, domestic heating, heavy traffic and waste disposal (Lehmann and Stahr, 2007;Mamehpour et al, 2021;Puskás et al, 2008;Rezapour et al, 2022). It has repeatedly been shown that urban soils contain elevated concentrations of heavy metals (Bretzel and Calderisi, 2006;Clarke et al, 2015;Mitchell et al, 2014;Szolnoki et al, 2013), and as these elements are non-degradable they constitute a persistent challenge to produce safety.…”