Physical Characterization of Turbot (Psetta Maxima) Originated Natural Hydroxyapatite

Abstract

Nowadays hydroxyapatite is one of the most popular biomaterials, which is used in various medical and dental applications areas as graft material. Bovine bone is the biggest source for natural hydroxyapatite production, but its production can lead to very dangerous disease, like mad cow disease, without high degree calcination. Hydroxyapatite produced from marine sources is much safer and easier to produce than bovine hydroxyapatite. Here in this study natural hydroxyapatite and related phases were produced from a local source turbot (Psetta maxima). Beside the main bony internal structure, there are koshers (cycloid scale) on its skin. Koshers are bulky bumps, looking like flat, small and rounded structures. Internal bones and those bulky bumps were cleaned from flesh with chemicals and calcined at 850• C for 4 hours. After calcinations, especially those bulky bumps, were formed into mesoporous structures with very light bluish color. Those mesoporous structures can be used as natural mesoporous hydroxyapatite structures for bone grafting purposes. The internal bones have also formed hydroxyapatite. Scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction studies were performed. I this study it is found that the bones of turbot consist of hydroxyapatite and TCP related phases. The aim of this study is to produce natural hydroxyapatite structures from turbot scale with low carbon footprint, without harming the environment and without using complex chemicals.

Cationic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite: Current Status of the Derived Biofunctional Effects and Their In Vitro Interrogation Methods

“…Aquatic bones and shells are reliable sources for the production of HA since they contain a high content of minerals, such as calcium carbonate in the form of calcite or aragonite, silica and calcium phosphate [22,60,61,62,63,64,116,117,118]. Two main routes are generally used to convert marine-origin material to HA: ( i ) hydrothermal synthesis and ( ii ) hydrothermal hot-pressing.…”

Novel and naturally derived Hydroxyapatite/cellulose nanofibre/curcumin biocomposite for tissue engineering applications

“…Different preparation method such as co-precipitation, hydrothermal, sol-gel, ultrasonication and heat treatment has been tailored for HAp synthesis [8][9][10][11]. Nowadays, young scientists have mostly focused on the preparation of pure HAp from the biowaste material.…”

Fish Bone Derived Bi-Phasic Calcium Phosphate Coatings Fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition for Biomedical Applications

“…The most important primary natural reservoirs of biological HA are either (i) biogenic products or organisms from the aquatic environment-egg-shells [32], corals [33], various types of sea-shells [34] or fish (tuna and sword fish [15], turbot [35], salmon [36], mackerel, gilded catfish, and spotted sorubim [37]) bones, or (ii) terrestrial organisms, such as mammalian (bovine [7,38,39], sheep [5], goat [40,41], pig [42]), or bird [40] bones. Among above-mentioned HA sustainable resources, fish bones stand for the most abundant (with an annual consumption of fish and shellfish in excess of 91 million tons [15]) and low-cost alternative for CaP bioceramic production [6].…”