Physical and optical properties of Co2+, Ni2+ doped 20ZnO+xLi2O+(30−x)K2O+50B2O3 (5≤x≤25) glasses: Observation of mixed alkali effect

The Gladstone–Dale relation: Applications in oxide glasses

“…For the relation to hold value, the experimental and calculated values should be nearly identical and form a linear trend with a slope of 1. From Figure 1, it is seen that the previous assessment that the Gladstone–Dale relation holds reasonably well for silicate glasses is a valid assumption 36–63 . For the purpose of this discussion, measurements done at 589 and 589.3 nm were considered sodium D line values.…”

“…Although the Gladstone–Dale relation is a quick and easy way to determine the refractive index or density of a material, it should only be used as a crude, albeit useful prediction method. If the Gladstone–Dale relation was a reasonable method for accurately determining the refractive index of a material, it would be expected that the data would follow the red trendline in Figure 4, indicating that the measured and calculated index of refraction values are the same 34,36–63,72–112 . The data presented in Figure 4 contain glass compositions from Figure 1, along with additional data from a multitude of glass systems, with index of refraction values measured using various types of instrumentation at different wavelengths.…”

“…Comparison of experimental index‐of‐refraction values measured at the sodium D line compared to calculated values for different glass families. Adapted from data obtained from Ref 36–63…”

“…Therefore, it can be generally expected that the difference between the experimental index of refraction and the one calculated by the Gladstone–Dale relation should decrease with increasing wavelength. Unfortunately, this is not always the case, as seen in the top plot of Figure 3, which shows the average percentage error between the calculated index of refraction and experimentally measured one 34,36–63,72–112 . The overall average percentage error value in n was determined by averaging the percentage error of all glasses measured at a specific wavelength, while the average percentage error in n for each glass family was determined using only glasses in that family.…”

“…(Bottom) Individual percentage error between n GD and n exp for each reported glass. Adapted from data from Ref 34, 36–63, 72–112…”