“…An irreversible ion-selective polymer membrane electrode was built for the rapid and selective detection of heparin, which was later modified by the addition of a H + ionophore to the electrode membrane to reversibly sense heparin (Ambrose and Meyerhoff, 1997;Ma et al, 1993;Mathison and Bakker, 1999;Shvarev and Bakker, 2003). The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) has also been suggested to determine the absolute concentration of heparin due to its binding with protamine-adsorbed surface (Cheng et al, 2002), and to investigate the effect of pH on the ion dynamics in composite PPy/heparin films (Hepel et al, 1997). More recently, Guo et al (2005) reported a voltammetric detection of heparin at polarized blood plasma/1,2-dichloroethane interfaces.…”