Physical Activity and the Risk of Breast Cancer

Thune, Inger; Brenn, Tormod; Lund, Eiliv; Gaard, Maria

doi:10.1097/00006254-199710000-00013

Cited by 52 publications

(104 citation statements)

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“…Exercise; There are various studies that show that despite the fact that exercise is known to have a protective effect, it is not known what amount of exercise is effective or whether it should be done before or after the onset of menopause (Thune et al, 1997;Lee, Coook et al, 2001;Orio et al, 2013). This study has shown that when comparing the two groups, moderate exercise may be beneficial (p=0.047).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family History Attributes and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Turkey

Gokdemir-Yazar¹,

Yaprak²,

Colak³

et al. 2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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Background: When dealing with breast cancer, early detection is closely associated with determining and closely monitoring high risk groups. The aim of this study was to determine the preventable risk factors that are specific for our country, and to understand which risk factors were most predominant. Materials and Methods: The study was planned as a case-control design. Women diagnosed with breast cancer who visited the Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Radiation Oncology outpatient clinics of the Izmir Dokuz Eylul University (DEU) School of Medicine were accepted as the case group. Then a control group matched for age was established among females who visited the outpatient clinics on the same days. A questionnaire prepared by the researchers was implemented using a face-to-face interview technique. The Mann-Whitney U test was used in the comparisons of the group averages, and the Pearson chi-square test in the comparisons between groups. In order to determine the dominant risk factors, binary logistical regression test was implemented. Results: A total of 138 patients, 69 cases and 69 controls, were included in the study. A significant difference can be detected between the groups in terms of BMI, smoking, breast cancer prevalence among first degree family members, presence of breast cancer among distant family members, existence of other types of cancers among family members and the age of onset of menopause (p<0.05). Logistical regression analysis revealed that the presence of breast cancer among first degree relatives increased the risk of developing breast cancer 5.7 times. Conclusions: Although some results of this study are compatible with findings in the literature, some are not. In order to determine unique risk factors, there is a clear need for large-scale studies.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Family History Attributes and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Turkey

Gokdemir-Yazar¹,

Yaprak²,

Colak³

et al. 2014

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

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“…Several other case -control studies limited to, or predominantly including, premenopausal breast cancer have often failed to show an inverse association with level of recent or sustained physical activity and report no variation in the association by level of BMI (Chen et al, 1997;Gammon et al, 1998;Friedenreich et al, 2001). In the only prospective study stratifying results according to BMI, Thune et al (1997) followed women in Norway and observed a significant inverse trend in risk among lean women (P trend ¼ 0.02 among women less than 22.8 kg m À2 ), but not among average weight or overweight women (P trend ¼ 0.90 and 0.36 respectively).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women

et al. 2003

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Physical activity appears to be inversely related to risk of breast cancer, yet the results remain inconsistent. To evaluate this relation among premenopausal women and examine variation in risk according to level of obesity and use of oral contraceptives (OCs), the authors examined data from the Nurses' Health Study II. During 10 years of follow-up, 849 cases of invasive premenopausal breast cancer were confirmed. Physical activity was assessed by self-report at baseline and during follow-up using a validated questionnaire. Total physical activity was unrelated to risk of breast cancer. Women engaging in X27 metabolic equivalent (MET)-h week À1 had a multivariate-adjusted relative risk (RR) of 1.04 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.82 -1.33) compared to those in the o3 METh week À1 category. Among women with a BMI X30 kg m À2 , we observed a significant positive dose -response relation (P ¼ 0.04). Activity was unrelated to breast cancer risk at lower levels of BMI. A test for interaction between activity and BMI (o30, X30 kg m À2 ) was statistically significant (P ¼ 0.02). Among current OC users, higher activity was associated with a non-significantly lower risk of breast cancer (RR ¼ 0.59, 95% CI 0.30 -1.16 for X27 vs o9 MET-h week À1 , P for linear trend ¼ 0.14). These results show no overall association between physical activity and risk of breast cancer among premenopausal women, but suggest that the effect of physical activity could be substantially modified by the underlying degree of adiposity. The potential interactions between physical activity, adiposity, and current use of OCs require further study. The relation of physical activity to risk of breast cancer has been assessed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, which concluded that, although studies have not been entirely consistent, the overall results support a reduction in risk with higher levels of activity (International Agency for Research on Cancer, 2002). The majority of studies, however, have been focused on postmenopausal breast cancer. Also, upon review of more than 30 studies, it was noted that the most important time periods in life for activity is not currently known. Furthermore, which activities may offer the greatest protection have not been systematically examined.In a previous analysis of the Nurses' Health Study II (NHSII) cohort with 372 cases among predominantly premenopausal women, Rockhill et al (1998) observed no association between nonoccupational activity levels in late adolescence or the recent past and risk of breast cancer. We now extend that analysis, adding 477 additional premenopausal cases in an effort to understand better the relation between physical activity and risk of premenopausal breast cancer.In addition to evaluating the type of physical activity, we examined the relation between activity and breast cancer within subgroups of adiposity and oral contraceptive (OC) use, which we hypothesised, might modify the relationship. Potential health effects of (OCs) were the original focus of the NHS II coh...

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“…However, heavy users of NSAIDs with chronic arthritis could have been less physically active than those less highly exposed. Although physical activity has been associated with protective effects (Thune et al, 1997), we did not measure it because it is not yet clear that the protective effects are due to physical activity per se rather than uncontrolled confounding or recall bias (Gammon et al, 1998). If physical activity is protective and if the heaviest users of NSAIDs were physically inactive, then they would have been at higher risk of developing breast cancer.…”

Section: Other Potential Confoundersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nested case–control study of the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on breast cancer risk and stage

et al. 2000

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Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) interfere with the growth of mammary tumours (Lala et al, 1997;Robertson et al, 1998) and prevent distant metastasis (Hubbard et al, 1988;Khoo et al, 1992) in rodents. The epidemiologic evidence for similar effects in women is limited and inconsistent (Isomäki et al, 1978;Friedman and Ury, 1980;Gridley et al, 1993;Thun et al, 1993;Schreinemachers and Everson, 1994;Harris et al, 1995Harris et al, , 1996Egan et al, 1996).To study the effects of NSAID use on breast cancer risk we carried out a nested case-control study, using the records of the Saskatchewan Cancer Agency (SCA) and data collected routinely by the Saskatchewan Prescription Drug Plan (SPDP), which has provided full or partial outpatient drug coverage to the Saskatchewan population since 1975.To study the effects of NSAID use on breast cancer growth and spread we carried out analyses using the drug exposure histories of the cases and attributes of the stage of their tumours at diagnosis, as assessed by the international tumour-lymph node-metastasis (TNM) system (Spiessl et al, 1992). SUBJECTS AND METHODS Study populationsThe source population was the open population of women aged ≥ 35 years, eligible to receive benefits from the SPDP during 1981 to mid-1995 with no history of cancer since 1970 other than nonmelanoma skin cancer or cervical carcinoma in situ.Subjects entered the source population on 1 January 1981, their 35th birthday, or on the date of immigration to Saskatchewan, whichever occurred latest. Subjects left the source population on 30 June 1995, or on the date of diagnosis of breast cancer, death or emigration, whichever occurred first.The SPDP has provided coverage for outpatient prescription drugs for 94% of the Saskatchewan population (1.01 million people in mid-1991; Rawson et al, 1992). Excluded are aboriginals, military personnel, members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, and inmates of federal penitentiaries: they are covered by federal agencies. The accuracy of the identifying and recorded prescription information both exceed 99% (Risch and Howe, 1994).The cases were subjects in the source population who were diagnosed with histologically proven invasive female breast cancer and reported to the SCA. Registration of cancer cases was nearly complete (Parkin et al, 1997). To be in our study, cases must have been eligible to benefit from the SPDP for ≥ 5 years before diagnosis. Hereafter, the date of diagnosis will be designated as the 'index date'. Summary We carried out a nested case-control study to measure the rate ratio (RR) for invasive female breast cancer in relation to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use. The source population consisted of the female beneficiaries of the Saskatchewan Prescription Drug Plan from 1981 to 1995 with no history of cancer since 1970. Four controls/case, matched on age and sampling time, were randomly selected. Dispensing rates during successive time periods characterized NSAID exposure. RRs associated with exposure during each period we...

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Physical Activity and the Risk of Breast Cancer

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Family History Attributes and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Turkey

Family History Attributes and Risk Factors for Breast Cancer in Turkey

Physical activity and risk of breast cancer in premenopausal women

Nested case–control study of the effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on breast cancer risk and stage

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