Phylogeography and Genetic Diversity of Humpback Grouper Cromileptes altivelis based on Cytochrome C Oxidase I

Abstract

Humpback grouper is one of the most popular fish group in the international live trade in Asia-Pacific regions. The price for one kilogram live of humpback grouper, especially in Spermonde Archipelago South of Sulawesi, is range from 350.000-400.000 IDR, whereas in the retail level in Hong Kong the price was about 92 US$. This condition leads to the reduction of nature population due to overexploitation. Population decreasing due to overexploitation may cause loss of genetic diversity within population and lead to reduce of potential adaptive, population resistance, and productivity. Therefore, it is important to do some efforts to avoid adverse effect of overexploitation on humpback grouper population in Indonesia. One of the valuable efforts is providing genetic information such as phylogeography and genetic diversity of humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis. Analysis was based on 618 base pairs fragment of cytochrome c oxidase I gene from 36 individuals (sequences) of Cromileptes altivelis collected at four different sites (e.g. Pulau Seribu, Jepara, Situbondo and Spermonde Archipelago). The results showed that humpback grouper population has a high haplotype and nucleotide diversity. However, high genetic diversity and polymorphisms could not reveal population fragmentation (Φ stt = 0.000). It is suggested that high gene flow rather than population sub structuring was occurred. High level genetic diversity and polymorphisms are vital related to adaptive potential to environmental alteration.

Grouper DNA barcoding studies in Indonesia: A short review

“…These 20 studies comprised 39 species in six genera, especially the groupers, with high economic value. The studied genera were Anyperodon (Ariyanti and Farajallah, 2019a), Cephalopholis Andriyono and Suciyono, 2020;Ariyanti and Farajallah, 2019a;Ariyanti et al, 2015;Fadli et al, 2021;Fadli et al, 2020;Gaither et al, 2011;Kamal et al, 2019;Sari et al, 2015), Cromileptes (Nuryanto et al, 2018;Susanto et al, 2011;Susanto et al, 2010), Epinephelus (Abdullah and Rehbein, 2017; 193 Razi et al (2021) and Suciyono, 2020; Antoro et al, 2006;Farajallah, 2019a, 2019b;Aznardi and Madduppa, 2020;Fadli et al, 2021;Fadli et al, 2020;Jefri et al, 2015;Kamal et al, 2019;Kusuma, 2018;Nuryanto et al, 2018;Santosa et al, 2021;Sari et al, 2015;Yulidaria, 2020), Plectropomus (Fadli et al, 2021;Nuryanto et al, 2018), Variola (Abdullah and Rehbein, 2017;Fadli et al, 2021;Fadli, Nor, et al, 2020;Kamal et al, 2019;Sari et al, 2015) (Tabel 2). Genus Epinephelus being the highest percentage of the studied grouper (54%), and the lowest is from the genus Anyperodon (2%) (Figure 2, Table 1).…”

“…Research on DNA barcoding in the genus Cephalopholis was carried out using different mitochondrial COI primers, including Fish F1, Fish R1 (Ariyanti et al, 2015;Fadli et al, 2021;Fadli et al, 2020); FH70, RH70 (Kamal et al, 2019) Fish BCL, Fish BCH Andriyono and Suciyono, 2020); 16SAR, 16SBR (Sari et al, 2015); AF282, AF283 (Ariyanti and Farajallah, 2019a) and has been reported to have identified several species in the genus Cephalopholis, namely: C. boenak, C. cyanostigma, C. formosa, C. leopardus, C. miniata, C. nigripinnis, C. sexmaculata, C. sonnerati, C. spiloparaea and C.urodeta. Further research on the genus Cromileptes using primers Fish F1, Fish R1 (Nuryanto et al, 2018); Fish F2, Fish R2 (Susanto et al, 2011;Susanto et al, 2010) have identified the species C. altivelis (Table 2).…”

“…Cromileptes altivelis Fish F1, Fish R1, Fish F2, Fish R2 Data Deficient Decreasing (Nuryanto et al, 2018;Susanto et al, 2011;Susanto et al, 2010) 15…”