Phylogeographic Analysis and Identification of Factors Impacting the Diffusion of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Africa

Duchatel, Florian; Bronsvoort, Mark; Lycett, Samantha

doi:10.3389/fevo.2019.00371

Cited by 28 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…However, the most closely related clade in the ML tree included numerous sequences from Southern Africa (Figure ), similar to SAT1. The results of our analysis strongly suggest Kenya as the origin for the currently circulating SAT2 viruses as well as the epicentre for their dispersal to other Eastern African countries (Figures b and b), a pattern which has also been described for serotypes A and O (Duchatel et al, ). Interestingly, the mean count of relative forward and backward transitions between each pair of East African countries for SAT2 is noticeably higher than for SAT1 (Figure b).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…Growing evidence suggests that the divergence times of currently circulating SAT viruses were a result of geographical isolation and population bottlenecks in African FMDVs following the Great African Rinderpest Pandemic (i.e., between 1887 and 1897), which caused a mass die‐out of FMDV‐susceptible hosts. Furthermore, it is hypothesized that contemporary SAT viruses were re‐introduced from the remaining buffalo populations, which influenced the current genetic diversity and geographical distribution of SAT FMDVs (Duchatel, Bronsvoort, & Lycett, ; Lasecka‐Dykes et al, ; Omondi et al, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phylogeographical and cross‐species transmission dynamics of SAT1 and SAT2 foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Eastern Africa

et al. 2019

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Understanding the dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), an endemic and economically constraining disease, is critical in designing control programmes in Africa. This study investigates the evolutionary epidemiology of SAT1 and SAT2 FMDV in Eastern Africa, as well as between cattle and wild African buffalo. Bayesian phylodynamic models were used to analyse SAT1 and SAT2 VP1 gene segments collected between 1975 and 2016, focusing on the SAT1 and SAT2 viruses currently circulating in Eastern Africa. The root state posterior probabilities inferred from our analyses suggest Zimbabwe as the ancestral location for SAT1 currently circulating in Eastern Africa (p = 0.67). For the SAT2 clade, Kenya is inferred to be the ancestral location for introduction of the virus into other countries in Eastern Africa (p = 0.72).Salient (Bayes factor >10) viral dispersal routes were inferred from Tanzania to Kenya, and from Kenya to Uganda for SAT1 and SAT2, respectively. Results suggest that cattle are the source of the SAT1 and SAT2 clades currently circulating in Eastern Africa.In addition, our results suggest that the majority of SAT1 and SAT2 in livestock come from other livestock rather than wildlife, with limited evidence that buffalo serve as reservoirs for cattle. Insights from the present study highlight the role of cattle movements and anthropogenic activities in shaping the evolutionary history of SAT1 and SAT2 in Eastern Africa. While the results may be affected by inherent limitations of imperfect surveillance, our analysis elucidates the dynamics between host species in this region, which is key to guiding disease intervention activities. K E Y W O R D Sancestral reconstruction, FMD, interspecific transmission, molecular epidemiology, phylodynamics, wildlife-livestock interfaces

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeographical and cross‐species transmission dynamics of SAT1 and SAT2 foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Eastern Africa

et al. 2019

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“…Whereas our results showed that serotypes O and A have spread worldwide, serotypes Asia1 and SATs remained non-pandemic and confined in their endemic regions [82,95]. Since there is a lack of detailed sequences data available, especially for African countries, it is important to note that these results may vary with a better representation of the currently circulating virus, although they support what has been previously described [59,78,79,82].…”

Section: Asia1 and Sat Serotypessupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Several studies have explored the spatiotemporal evolutionary dynamics of FMDV in different parts of the world, mainly focusing on the diffusion patterns across its endemic regions: Asia and Africa [31,48,[55][56][57][58][59] However, studies considering all serotypes are only available within small geographic regions, and global studies only assessed some of the viral serotypes [55,60].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing foot-and-mouth disease virus phylogeographical patterns and transmission dynamics.

Jara

Frias-De-Diego

Dellicour

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has proven its potential to propagate across local and international borders on numerous occasions, but yet details about the directionality of the spread along with the role of the different host in transmission remain unexplored. To elucidate FMDV global spread characteristics, we studied the spatiotemporal phylodynamics of serotypes O, A, Asia1, SAT1, SAT2, and SAT3, based on more than 50 years of phylogenetic and epidemiological information. Results Our results revealed phylogeographic patterns, dispersal rates, and the role of host species in the dispersal and maintenance of virus circulation. Contrary to previous studies, our results showed that three serotypes were monophyletic (O, A, and Asia1), while all SATs serotypes did not evidence a defined common ancestor. Root state posterior probability (RSPP) analysis suggested Belgium as the country of origin for serotype O (RSPP= 0.27). India was the ancestral country for serotypes A (RSPP= 0.28), and Asia-1 (RSPP= 0.34), while Uganda appeared as the most likely origin country of all SAT serotypes (RSPP> 0.45). Furthermore, we identified the key centers of dispersal of the virus, being China, India and Uganda the most important ones. Bayes factor analysis revealed cattle as the major source of the virus for most of the serotypes (RSPP> 0.63), where the most important host-species transition route for serotypes O, A, and Asia1 was from cattle Bos taurus to swine Sus scrofa domesticus (BF>500), while, for SAT serotypes was from B. taurus to African buffalo Syncerus caffer. Conclusions This study provides significant insights into the spatiotemporal dynamics of the global circulation of FMDV serotypes, by characterizing the viral routes of spread at serotype level, especially uncovering the importance of host species for each serotype in the evolution and spread of FMDV which further improve future decisions for more efficient control and eradication.

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“…FMD has low mortality but significant losses of production that may lead to important economic losses [61]. Although research has been conducted to understand the impact of FMD virus [62,63]. Previous studies show that the introduction of FMD virus in FMD free countries cause a severe impact on national economies [64].…”

Section: De-population Of Infected Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on foot and mouth disease in dairy animals, etiology, pathogenesis and clinical findings

Azeem¹

2020

PAB

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Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an extremely contagious disease of angulated animals and in livestock, it is an important pathogen more than 120 years after it was recognized. The virus of this disease belong to a genus Aphthovirus of the family picornaviridae and present as seven serotypes C, O, A, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia1. Transmission of this disease occurs by direct and indirect contact, ingestion and by aerosols. The best multiplication sites of this virus are oral cavity, udder, heart, feet, and oro-pharynx. Specific, sensitive and quick diagnostic tools are required for effective control of this disease. FMD causes fever, salivation, anorexia and vesicular eruption on teats, feet, and mouth. In FMDV (Foot and Mouth disease Virus) endemic areas, annual production losses and vaccination estimated US$6.5-US$21 billion. Currently, the techniques which are used for diagnosis of FMD are Sandwich-ELISA (S-ELISA), Virus Isolation (VI), indirect ELISA (DIVA), real time-PCR and Liquid-Phase Blocking ELISA (LPBE) can be used for recognition of antibody against nonstructural proteins. The techniques which are used for quick and specific detection of FMDV are microarray and recombinant antigen-based detection, biosensor, Nucleotide sequencing, phage display and nucleic-acid-based diagnostic for serotyping. This review provides information about the FMD in Pakistan as many cases are reported in Pakistan and lead to morbidity and mortality of many animals. This review helps the reader to handle the cases practically in the field and helps the researchers to analyze the comprehensive picture of the FMD and in future researchers try to minimize such cases after reading this in Pakistan.

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Phylogeographic Analysis and Identification of Factors Impacting the Diffusion of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Africa

Cited by 28 publications

References 53 publications

Phylogeographical and cross‐species transmission dynamics of SAT1 and SAT2 foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Eastern Africa

Phylogeographical and cross‐species transmission dynamics of SAT1 and SAT2 foot‐and‐mouth disease virus in Eastern Africa

Tracing foot-and-mouth disease virus phylogeographical patterns and transmission dynamics.

A review on foot and mouth disease in dairy animals, etiology, pathogenesis and clinical findings

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