Phylogeny of the eureptantic nemerteans revisited

Abstract

In this paper, we revisit the phylogeny of the eureptantic nemerteans. Three species (Kameginemertes parmiornatus, Drepanophoriella histriana, and Polyschista curacaoensis), not present in the original analyses by Härlin & Sundberg (1995), are included, and in the light of the new results we discuss the phylogenetic taxonomy as well as biogeography of the Eureptantia. The biogeography is assessed by dispersal‐vicariance analysis (Ronquist 1997), and the new phylogenetic taxonomy is based on developments (Härlin 1998b, 1999b; Härlin & Sundberg 1998) of nomenclatural ideas originally presented by de Queiroz & Gauthier (1990, 1992).

Comparative morphology and evolution of the nephridia in Nemertea

“…The evolution of nemertean protonephridia can be inferred from the molecular phylogenies only because the interrelationships of the major nemertean clades have not been analyzed cladistically with morphological characters, Morphological character matrices exist only for several subgroups: Palaeonemertea (Sundberg and Hylbom 1994;Sundberg et al 2003), Eureptantia (Härlin and Sundberg 1995;Härlin and Härlin 2001), Enopla (Sundberg 1990), Pelagica (Maslakova and Norenburg 2001), Heteronemertea (Schwartz and Norenburg 2001), Monostilifera (partim) (Sundberg 1989a, b;Crandall 2001). Most molecular studies of nemertean phylogeny focused on 18S and/or cytochrome oxidase I (COI) DNA sequences (Sundberg et al 2001;Sundberg and Strand 2007;Sundberg et al 2009), while a single study applied a multi-gene approach (28S rRNA, histone H3, 16S rRNA, and COI; Thollesson and Norenburg 2003).…”

Naming Species in Phylogenetic Nomenclature

“…Graybeal (1995) proposed a similar method to name species. See also Härlin and Härlin (2001) and Pleijel and Rouse (2003).…”

Lusitanian nemertean species in Lough Hyne Marine Reserve: Paradrepanophorus crassus and Punnettia splendida

“…Although Stiasny-Wijnhoff (1926) considered nemertean specimens from non-Mediterranean locations to be other species, subsequent authors did not necessarily agree. Härlin & Härlin (2001) reported that P. crassus is one of only a few broadly distributed nemerteans with the dispersal from the Mediterranean to the north-east Atlantic to be 'unequivocal'. Joubin (1894) from Atlantic Spain.…”