Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix spp. and Eikelboom type 021N bacteria) isolated from wastewatertreatment plants and description of Thiothrix eikelboomii sp. nov., Thiothrix unzii sp. nov., Thiothrix fructosivorans sp. nov. and Thiothrix defluvii sp. nov.

Howarth, R; Unz, RF; Seviour, Elizabeth M.; Seviour, RJ; Blackall, Linda L.; Pickup, RW; Jones, J. G.; Yaguchi, Junichi; Head, Ian M.

doi:10.1099/00207713-49-4-1817

Cited by 116 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Interestingly, a deletion at E. coli 16S rRNA positions 455 to 477 was found in the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the Z. niveum ectosymbiont, strain ODIII6, and the scaly snail endosymbiont. This deletion was thought to be unique to the genus Thiothrix within the Gammaproteobacteria and some members of the Epsilonproteobacteria (31,35). This deletion clearly separates the monophyletic group containing the Z. niveum ectosymbiont and members of the genus Thiothrix from all other known Gammaproteobacteria.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“CandidatusThiobios zoothamnicoli,” an Ectosymbiotic Bacterium Covering the Giant Marine CiliateZoothamnium niveum

Schmitz‐Esser

Stoecker

Nussbaumer

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

104

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Zoothamnium niveum is a giant, colonial marine ciliate from sulfide-rich habitats obligatorily covered with chemoautotrophic, sulfide-oxidizing bacteria which appear as coccoid rods and rods with a series of intermediate shapes. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization showed that the ectosymbiont of Z. niveum belongs to only one pleomorphic phylotype. The Z. niveum ectosymbiont is only moderately related to previously identified groups of thiotrophic symbionts within the Gammaproteobacteria, and shows highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity with the free-living sulfur-oxidizing bacterial strain ODIII6 from shallowwater hydrothermal vents of the Mediterranean Sea (94.5%) and an endosymbiont from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent gastropod of the Indian Ocean Ridge (93.1%). A replacement of this specific ectosymbiont by a variety of other bacteria was observed only for senescent basal parts of the host colonies. The taxonomic status "Candidatus Thiobios zoothamnicoli" is proposed for the ectosymbiont of Z. niveum based on its ultrastructure, its 16S rRNA gene, the intergenic spacer region, and its partial 23S rRNA gene sequence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“CandidatusThiobios zoothamnicoli,” an Ectosymbiotic Bacterium Covering the Giant Marine CiliateZoothamnium niveum

Schmitz‐Esser

Stoecker

Nussbaumer

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

104

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“…The sulfide produced by the archaea might be used by Thiothrix, creating a sulfur cycle within a pearl. Furthermore, different metabolic products formed during growth by Thiothrix might be suitable carbon and energy sources for the archaeal partner (12). The string-of-pearls-like communities in the Sippenauer Moor therefore appear to represent extraordinary and stable associations of defined groups of microorganisms belonging to different domains of life.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Thiothrix itself is a typical aerobic, sulfide-oxidizing bacterium of freshwater habitats (3,12,15,38) and, therefore, is well adapted to its natural biotope, Sippenauer Moor. Different functions of Thiothrix clone sipK4 within the string-of-pearlslike community can be envisaged.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Communities of Novel Archaea and Bacteria with a String-of-Pearls-Like Morphology: Molecular Analysis of the Bacterial Partners

Moissl

Rudolph

Huber

2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…For years, Sphaerotilus natans has been considered a primary organism that causes bulking, and a number of studies have been carried out with this species (3-7, 16, 18, 21, 22). Although other types of filamentous bacteria are also known to be involved in bulking (4,5,8,10), Jenkins et al reported that S. natans was the dominant filamentous organism in 12% of 525 bulking and foaming sludge samples in the United States (9). Thus, S. natans is still a noteworthy causative agent of sludge bulking.…”

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confidence: 99%

Identification of a Gene Essential for Sheathed Structure Formation in Sphaerotilus natans , a Filamentous Sheathed Bacterium

Suzuki

Kanagawa

Kamagata

2002

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Sphaerotilus natans, a filamentous bacterium that causes bulking in activated sludge processes, can assume two distinct morphologies, depending on the substrate concentration for growth; in substrate-rich media it grows as single rod-shaped cells, whereas in substrate-limited media it grows as filaments. To identify genes responsible for sheath formation, we carried out transposon Tn5 mutagenesis. Of the approximately 20,000 mutants obtained, 7 did not form sheathed structures. Sequencing of the Tn5-flanking regions showed that five of the seven Tn5 insertions converged at the same open reading frame, designated sthA. The deduced amino acids encoded by sthA were found to be homologous to glycosyltransferase, which is known to be involved in linking sugars to lipid carriers during bacterial exopolysaccharide biosynthesis. Disruption of the gene of the wild-type strain by inserting a kanamycin resistance gene cassette also resulted in sheathless growth under either type of nutrient condition. These findings indicate that sthA is a crucial component responsible for sheath formation.Activated sludge systems are used worldwide for wastewater treatment. One of the major operational problems of these systems is excessive growth of filamentous bacteria (5,9,25). This results in poor settlement of activated sludge flocs, a problem that is commonly referred to as bulking. For years, Sphaerotilus natans has been considered a primary organism that causes bulking, and a number of studies have been carried out with this species (3-7, 16, 18, 21, 22). Although other types of filamentous bacteria are also known to be involved in bulking (4, 5, 8, 10), Jenkins et al. reported that S. natans was the dominant filamentous organism in 12% of 525 bulking and foaming sludge samples in the United States (9). Thus, S. natans is still a noteworthy causative agent of sludge bulking.S. natans is characterized by a sheathed structure in which long chains of rod-shaped cells are enclosed (7,12,24). However, under some culture conditions, this organism grows as individual cells without forming a sheath. Since only the filamentous growth causes bulking of activated sludge, the growth conditions which determine the cell form have been studied. Gaudy and Wolfe reported that S. natans grew as single cells in the presence of 0.5% glucose and 0.5% peptone but grew as filaments in the presence of 0.1% glucose and 0.1% peptone (6). However, neither additional studies of sheath formation nor the pathway of sheath biosynthesis has been described; hence, nothing is known about the direct trigger that regulates expression of the genes for sheath biosynthesis.To date, the only available information is the chemical structure of the sheath of S. natans. The sheath was initially found to be a complex composed of polysaccharide, protein, and lipid, with the polysaccharide component consisting of glucose, hexosamine, and various other sugars (18). A more recent study showed that the sheath of S. natans is composed of polysaccharide and protein but not lipid, w...

show abstract

Phylogenetic relationships of filamentous sulfur bacteria (Thiothrix spp. and Eikelboom type 021N bacteria) isolated from wastewatertreatment plants and description of Thiothrix eikelboomii sp. nov., Thiothrix unzii sp. nov., Thiothrix fructosivorans sp. nov. and Thiothrix defluvii sp. nov.

Cited by 116 publications

References 48 publications

“CandidatusThiobios zoothamnicoli,” an Ectosymbiotic Bacterium Covering the Giant Marine CiliateZoothamnium niveum

“CandidatusThiobios zoothamnicoli,” an Ectosymbiotic Bacterium Covering the Giant Marine CiliateZoothamnium niveum

Natural Communities of Novel Archaea and Bacteria with a String-of-Pearls-Like Morphology: Molecular Analysis of the Bacterial Partners

Identification of a Gene Essential for Sheathed Structure Formation in Sphaerotilus natans , a Filamentous Sheathed Bacterium

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