Phylogenetic Relationships and Evolution of the Androecia in Ruteae (Rutaceae)

Abstract

Ruta, which belongs to tribe Ruteae, is the type genus of the subfamily Rutoideae and the family Rutaceae. Molecular systematic studies have shown that the genera in Ruteae are closer related to Aurantioideae than to most other genera of Rutoideae, some of the genera traditionally placed in Ruteae have been shown to be nested within the Aurantioideae clade, but the diagnostic characters for determining new patterns in the relationship are poor. In this study, we investigated the floral development of Boenninghausenia in Ruteae (sensu stricto), Haplophyllum in the basal position of Aurantioideae and Murraya in traditional Aurantioideae using scanning electron microscopy. The androecium of Boenninghausenia is obdiplostemony. As androecia in other genera within Ruteae (s.s.) are also obdiplostemonous, reconstruction of the ancestral state indicates that obdiplostemony is an ancestral character in this clade. Because the androecia of Haplophyllum and Murraya are also obdiplostemonous, obdiplostemony is also an ancestral character in Aurantioideae clade. The ancestral state reconstruction indicates this character can serve as a synapomorphy of the Ruteae-Aurantioideae clade. The results of our work also shed light on the evolution of the androecium in Rutaceae, as the obdiplostemony of this group is clearly derived from haplostemony in the ancestral genera in Rutaceae and has develop into polyandry by increasing antepetalous stamens.

Phylogenetic placement of Psilopeganum, a rare monotypic genus of Rutaceae (the citrus family) endemic to China

“…Despite the obvious morphological differences between Ruteae and Aurantioideae (e.g., growth form, fruit type, and thorns), a strongly uniting character of the two groups (Clades 1 and 2; Fig. 1) is their obdiplostemony (Wei et al, 2012(Wei et al, , 2015. All taxa of Ruteae have two whorls of stamens and all genera whose floral ontogeny has been studied show an obdiplostemonous arrangement (Wei et al, 2012(Wei et al, , 2015.…”

“…1) is their obdiplostemony (Wei et al, 2012(Wei et al, , 2015. All taxa of Ruteae have two whorls of stamens and all genera whose floral ontogeny has been studied show an obdiplostemonous arrangement (Wei et al, 2012(Wei et al, , 2015. Aurantioideae often exhibit an increased number of stamens (Kubitzki et al, 2011); however the early-branching clades within Aurantioideae also display obdiplostemonous androecia (Bayer et al, 2009;Wei et al, 2015).…”

“…All taxa of Ruteae have two whorls of stamens and all genera whose floral ontogeny has been studied show an obdiplostemonous arrangement (Wei et al, 2012(Wei et al, , 2015. Aurantioideae often exhibit an increased number of stamens (Kubitzki et al, 2011); however the early-branching clades within Aurantioideae also display obdiplostemonous androecia (Bayer et al, 2009;Wei et al, 2015). While it is clear that Cneoridium, Haplophyllum and Aurantioideae are closely related, their relationships among each other are not clearly resolved.…”

Chalepin and Chalepensin: Occurrence, Biosynthesis and Therapeutic Potential

“…Ex Meisn and B. sessilicarpa H. Lev. also produce chalepensin ( 2 ) [ 6 , 20 ] and this genus is phylogenetically close to the genus Ruta [ 21 ]. Chalepensin ( 2 ) was further found in the leaves of Esenbeckia alata (Karst and Triana) Tr.…”

Chemical Compositions and Antioxidant Activities of Indonesian Citrus Essential Oils and Their Elucidation Using Principal Component Analysis

“…Citrus is a prominent genus in the Rutaceae family, which consists of 154 genus and 2100 species. Citrus plants widely spread around the globe dan can grow in tropical and subtropical zones [1,2]. Common species from this genus are Citrus aurantifolia, C. nobilis, C. amblycarpa, C. limon (C. limonia, C. limonum), C. aurantium sp.…”