Photovoltaic spatial soliton pairs in two-photon photorefractive materials

Two-component vector solitons in defocusing Kerr-type media with spatially modulated nonlinearity

“…(12) and (6). With the increase of q from 0 to 1, each constituent component of two-component vector solitons changes its structure from a spiky pattern to the modulated vortex-ring pattern.…”

“…Optical media possessing Kerr nonlinearity can be fast but certainly are not instantaneous in nature [3]. For example, photorefractive and photovoltaic Kerr or saturable media can be very slow, especially at lower light intensities [2][3][4][5][6]. Therefore, vector solitons there can not only be coherent to a high degree but can also be incoherent.…”

Gray spatial solitons in biased two-photon photovoltaic photorefractive crystals

“…The pattern of the signal beam can induce a spatial dependent charge distribution that gives rise to nonlinear changes of refractive index in the medium. Based on this model, several groups have investigated spatial solitons due to two-photon PR effect in biased or unbiased crystal [23][24][25][26]. Their results not only show the existence of dark and bright spatial solitons, but gray solitons and soliton pair as well.…”

Optical solitons in a power law media with fourth order dispersion

“…The governing equation in the nonlinear Schrödinger's equation (NLSE) [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. In general, this equation is studied with various forms of nonlinearity [5] besides the well known Kerr law nonlinearity.…”