Photosynthetic Responses in Annual Rye, Perennial Wheat, and Perennial Rye Subjected to Modest Source:Sink Ratio Changes

Jaikumar, Nikhil S.; Snapp, Sieglinde S.; Flore, J. A.; Loescher, Wayne H.

doi:10.2135/cropsci2013.04.0280

Cited by 12 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…The problem we have highlighted here, that NSC results are not quantitatively comparable among different laboratories, will likely limit crucial research into plant response to environmental stress, although we can still rely on relative responses. While our study focused on NSC determination in woody vegetation, a similar range of methods is used in non-woody species (e.g., Campo et al 2013, Jaikumar et al 2014, Kagan et al 2014, King et al 2014, and our results are likely to be relevant to the broader plant science community. A more unified approach to NSC analysis and standardisation of methods will contribute to better understanding of plant responses to environment and management.…”

Section: Conclusion and Recommendations For The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Non-structural carbohydrates in woody plants compared among laboratories

et al. 2015

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Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) in plant tissue are frequently quantified to make inferences about plant responses to environmental conditions. Laboratories publishing estimates of NSC of woody plants use many different methods to evaluate NSC. We asked whether NSC estimates in the recent literature could be quantitatively compared among studies. We also asked whether any differences among laboratories were related to the extraction and quantification methods used to determine starch and sugar concentrations. These questions were addressed by sending sub-samples collected from five woody plant tissues, which varied in NSC content and chemical composition, to 29 laboratories. Each laboratory analyzed the samples with their laboratory-specific protocols, based on recent publications, to determine concentrations of soluble sugars, starch and their sum, total NSC. Laboratory estimates differed substantially for all samples. For example, estimates for Eucalyptus globulus leaves (EGL) varied from 23 to 116 (mean = 56) mg g(-1) for soluble sugars, 6-533 (mean = 94) mg g(-1) for starch and 53-649 (mean = 153) mg g(-1) for total NSC. Mixed model analysis of variance showed that much of the variability among laboratories was unrelated to the categories we used for extraction and quantification methods (method category R(2) = 0.05-0.12 for soluble sugars, 0.10-0.33 for starch and 0.01-0.09 for total NSC). For EGL, the difference between the highest and lowest least squares means for categories in the mixed model analysis was 33 mg g(-1) for total NSC, compared with the range of laboratory estimates of 596 mg g(-1). Laboratories were reasonably consistent in their ranks of estimates among tissues for starch (r = 0.41-0.91), but less so for total NSC (r = 0.45-0.84) and soluble sugars (r = 0.11-0.83). Our results show that NSC estimates for woody plant tissues cannot be compared among laboratories. The relative changes in NSC between treatments measured within a laboratory may be comparable within and between laboratories, especially for starch. To obtain comparable NSC estimates, we suggest that users can either adopt the reference method given in this publication, or report estimates for a portion of samples using the reference method, and report estimates for a standard reference material. Researchers interested in NSC estimates should work to identify and adopt standard methods.

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Section: Conclusion and Recommendations For The Futurementioning

confidence: 99%

Non-structural carbohydrates in woody plants compared among laboratories

et al. 2015

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“…Although plants are typically sink limited during the vegetative stage and transition to source limitation at reproduction (Arp 1991), many crops are co-limited by sinks and sources during grain filling (Álvaro et al 2008;Acreche & Slafer 2009;Peterhansel & Offermann 2012;Slewinski 2012). We anticipated that during the vegetative stage, the 'live slow' perennial would be more sink limited than the 'live fast' annual (Jaikumar et al 2014). The results confounded these expectations.…”

Section: Ecological Strategies and Intrinsic Limits To Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…CO 2 treatments were applied at germination and maintained until harvest, which occurred during the vegetative growth phase of the life cycle. We predicted that annual barley, which grows faster than perennial barley, would be sink limited during vegetative growth, but the perennial would be more strongly sink limited (Jaikumar et al ). Based on this hypothesis, we would expect the fast‐growing annual to show a greater increase in growth and photosynthesis in response to elevated [CO 2 ] than the perennial (Poorter ; Roumet & Roy ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon source–sink limitations differ between two species with contrasting growth strategies

Burnett

Rogers

Rees

et al. 2016

Plant Cell & Environment

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Understanding how carbon source and sink strengths limit plant growth is a critical knowledge gap that hinders efforts to maximize crop yield. We investigated how differences in growth rate arise from source–sink limitations, using a model system comparing a fast‐growing domesticated annual barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. NFC Tipple) with a slow‐growing wild perennial relative (Hordeum bulbosum). Source strength was manipulated by growing plants at sub‐ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations ([CO2]). Limitations on vegetative growth imposed by source and sink were diagnosed by measuring relative growth rate, developmental plasticity, photosynthesis and major carbon and nitrogen metabolite pools. Growth was sink limited in the annual but source limited in the perennial. RGR and carbon acquisition were higher in the annual, but photosynthesis responded weakly to elevated [CO2] indicating that source strength was near maximal at current [CO2]. In contrast, photosynthetic rate and sink development responded strongly to elevated [CO2] in the perennial, indicating significant source limitation. Sink limitation was avoided in the perennial by high sink plasticity: a marked increase in tillering and root:shoot ratio at elevated [CO2], and lower non‐structural carbohydrate accumulation. Alleviating sink limitation during vegetative development could be important for maximizing growth of elite cereals under future elevated [CO2].

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“…So the perennials must be able to more than pay the respiration cost of their overwintering biomass. Additionally, comparisons of related perennials with annual crops indicate that the perennials can have a higher rate of photosynthesis (Jaikumar et al, 2013, 2014).…”

Section: Trade‐offsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹

DeHaan

Tassel

2014

American J of Botany

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Perennial grain crops have been proposed as an elegant solution to numerous problems confronted in modern agriculture. Perennial grains are expected to increase water quality, reduce soil erosion, increase soil carbon, and improve habitat for wildlife ( Cox et al., 2006 ). Furthermore, perennials are predicted to be more resilient to abiotic stress resulting from climate change ( Cox et al., 2006 ). Initiating and expanding perennial grain breeding programs has been proposed as a strategy to address the looming challenges of land degradation, food security, energy supply, and climate change ( Glover et al., 2010 ).Strategies proposed for developing a wide array of new perennial grain crops ( Wagoner and Schaeffer, 1990 ;Cox et al., 2002 ) typically are separated into two groups: wide hybridization and de novo domestication. In de novo domestication, repeated cycles of selection are performed out of a wild perennial population to achieve a high-yielding domestic type. In wide hybridization, an existing grain crop is crossed with a wild perennial relative, and then either the hybrid population is improved, or repeated rounds of backcrossing are performed to introgress genes for perennial growth until the phenotype in other ways resembles the annual crop parent. Here, we will not address the array of genetic effects that are derived from wide hybridizations, but will rather focus our attention on the mechanisms specifi c to early stages of selection from wild populations.The breeding strategies required for selecting out of wild material vs. improving yield of domesticated species are sure to differ. Whereas the fi rst stages of domestication in cereal crops involve dramatic changes that facilitate uniform planting and effi cient harvesting, crop improvement (of existing domestic species) involves improvements in yield and palatability or diversifi cation based on regional adaptation or harvested product qualities ( Olsen and Wendel, 2013 ). Although the early steps toward domestication will include yield gains, the primary objective is to transform the phenotype in ways that make a plant useful to meet human food needs. Subsequent crop improvement is associated with relatively modest incremental morphological changes.Since few grain species have been recently domesticated ( Meyer et al., 2012 ), most plant breeding theory and practice is based on improvement of previously domesticated species. With over a decade of experience domesticating new grain crops (described by Cox et al., 2010 ), we have been searching for genetic insights that are specifi c to taking wild species through the early stages of domestication. We have found strategies for the wholesale remodeling of plants (as is required to develop perennial grains) to be rare in the plant breeding literature. Therefore, we have turned to fi ndings in other fi elds to develop more complete and effi cient strategies for our own programs and, we hope, for the benefi t of colleagues considering the domestication of other wild species.Here we review literature i...

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Photosynthetic Responses in Annual Rye, Perennial Wheat, and Perennial Rye Subjected to Modest Source:Sink Ratio Changes

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Non-structural carbohydrates in woody plants compared among laboratories

Non-structural carbohydrates in woody plants compared among laboratories

Carbon source–sink limitations differ between two species with contrasting growth strategies

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹

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Photosynthetic Responses in Annual Rye, Perennial Wheat, and Perennial Rye Subjected to Modest Source:Sink Ratio Changes

Cited by 12 publications

References 36 publications

Non-structural carbohydrates in woody plants compared among laboratories

Non-structural carbohydrates in woody plants compared among laboratories

Carbon source–sink limitations differ between two species with contrasting growth strategies

Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops1

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Product

Resources

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Useful insights from evolutionary biology for developing perennial grain crops¹