Photorefractive Solitons

Nonlinear refraction and absorption: mechanisms and magnitudes

“…The strength of the screening mechanism can be substantial, and it can respond at very low optical power levels. This type of nonlinearity has been extensively investigated in conjunction with optical soliton effects, self-focusing, and instability phenomena, and most recently in the exploration of nonlinear optically induced lattices to mention a few topics [236].…”

Optical Waveguides Fabricated by Ion Implantation/Irradiation: A Review Optical Waveguides Fabricated by Ion Implantation/Irradiation: A Review

“…non diffracting beams, have very interesting properties to implement photonic applications such as all optical switches and routers. Photorefractive spatial solitons have attracted considerable interest because they can be generated with low light power (~mW) (del Re et al, 2006). As for other photorefractive applications, first experiments were demonstrated in bulk crystals (del Re et al, 2006) but later on it was also proved on waveguide configuration.…”

“…Photorefractive spatial solitons have attracted considerable interest because they can be generated with low light power (~mW) (del Re et al, 2006). As for other photorefractive applications, first experiments were demonstrated in bulk crystals (del Re et al, 2006) but later on it was also proved on waveguide configuration. Photorefractive bright spatial solitons were observed in SBN waveguides produced by He + implantation in the visible and infrared regions (Kip et al, 1998;Wesner et al, 2001).…”

Modulation instability of optical nonlinear media: a route to chaos

“…Modulation Instability can degrade the system performance considerably in the presence of noise produced by optical amplifiers; physically spontaneous emission within fiber amplifiers adds broadband noise to amplified signal; the noise can seed the growth of MI sidebands and is thus amplified through induced modulation instability [1,2,3,4].…”

“…The instability or chaos is today truly understood through the intimate connection between Solitons and MI; i The relation between MI and solitons is best manifested in the fact that pulse trains that emerge from the MI process are actually trains of almost ideal solitons; therefore, MI can be considered to be a precursor to soliton formation; if MI is present, a broad optical beam will break up into small transversal filaments while propagating within a self-focusing nonlinear medium; for such focusing medium, the soliton train solution is unstable with respect to MI [1,2,3,4,5]. The relation between MI and solitons is best manifested in the fact that pulse trains that emerge from the MI process are actually trains of almost ideal solitons; therefore, MI can be considered to be a precursor to soliton formation; it has been also shown that MI process may depend on the shape of power spectrum; the appeared sidebands in power spectrum and thus the fluctuations in Intensity-Time diagram are stochastic or chaotic in nature; the lack of a general numerical model to explain the nonlinear dynamic behavior of nonlinear media in order to study the consequent chaotic regime in detail is a steering knob for researchers [6,7,8].…”