Photoreduction of Crystal Violet in Solution and in Poly(vinyl Alcohol) Films

Leaver, Ian H.

doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1972.tb06290.x

Cited by 22 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Fresh solutions of malachite green and crystal violet were prepared because spontaneous rates of decolorization were high. Experiments were performed under reduced light because of light-catalyzed reduction (1,2,19). Controls included the dyes alone or cells alone in CDFPB.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Decolorization of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet by Waterborne Pathogenic Mycobacteria

Jones¹,

Falkinham

2003

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, Mycobacterium scrofulaceum, Mycobacterium marinum, and Mycobacterium chelonae tolerate high concentrations of the dyes malachite green and crystal violet. Cells of strains of those species decolorized (reduced) both malachite green and crystal violet. Because decolorized malachite green lacked antimicrobial activity, the resistance of these mycobacteria could be due, in part, to their ability to decolorize the dyes. Small amounts of malachite green and its reduced, decolorized product were detected in the lipid fraction of M. avium strain A5 cells grown in the presence of malachite green, suggesting that a minor component of resistance could be due to sequestering the dyes in the extensive mycobacterial cell surface lipid. The membrane fraction of M. avium strain A5 had at least a fivefold-higher specific decolorization rate than did the crude extract, suggesting that the decolorization activity is membrane associated. The malachite green-decolorizing activity of the membrane fraction of M. avium strain A5 was abolished by either boiling or proteinase exposure, suggesting that the decolorizing activity was due to a protein. Decolorization activity of membrane fractions was stimulated by ferrous ion and inhibited by dinitrophenol and metyrapone.Malachite green and crystal violet are triphenylmethane dyes that are antimicrobial (1, 2, 6, 10, 14), toxic to mammalian cells (29), and mutagenic (3,7,12,27). Malachite green has been used widely to prevent fungal infections in fish, typically at a concentration of 1 ppm (1, 2, 10, 18). Crystal violet is used to prevent fungal growth in poultry feed (6, 14), as a bacteriostatic agent in medical solutions (4, 24), and to treat skin infections by Staphylococcus aureus in humans and animals (23,25). In addition the dyes are used as fabric and food dyes (2). Both malachite green and crystal violet can be reductively decolorized (2, 9, 15). Decolorized malachite green (i.e., leucomalachite green) was detected in liver and kidney tissue in rats after injection of malachite green (29). Intestinal microflora from a variety of animals have been shown capable of reducing malachite green (16) and gentian violet (21). Leucomalachite green is less toxic to both mammalian and bacterial cells than malachite green (12, 29), perhaps due to its insolubility in water (2, 9).In contrast to most bacteria and fungi, mycobacteria are considered to be resistant to malachite green (2) and crystal violet (24). Many media for the cultivation of mycobacteria (e.g., Lowenstein-Jensen and Middlebrook 7H10) contain malachite green to reduce overgrowth by other, faster-growing microorganisms. Nosocomial infections due to Mycobacterium chelonae have been traced to the presence of that organism in a gentian violet skin-marking solution (24). A number of mycobacteria were described as being capable of "bleaching" malachite green (17), and a malachite green-reducing activity in acetone fractions of a number of rapidly growing mycobacteria has been describe...

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“…containing 0.5% (vol/vol) glycerol and 10% (vol/vol) oleic acid-albumin (M7H9) in 500-ml nephelometer flasks to mid-log phase (7 days) at 37°C with aeration (60 rpm). Because of photooxidation of malachite green (1,2,19), flasks were covered with foil. Growth was measured as increases in turbidity (absorbance at 580 nm).…”

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Decolorization of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet by Waterborne Pathogenic Mycobacteria

Jones¹,

Falkinham

2003

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…This work implicated arginine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid residues as the species that accelerate dye fading on proteins [19]. The mechanism is similar to that proposed earlier for the photoreduction of basic dyes by Leaver [33]. PCET from the wool protein to the dye (D) creates a higher population of free radicals in the wool, which can then react with oxygen to give higher PICL emission (Scheme 2).…”

Section: Photo-yellowing Of Wool Dyed With Triphenylmethane Dyes (Bwsmentioning

confidence: 59%

The effect of dyes on photo-induced chemiluminescence emission from polymers

Millington

Zhang

Jones

et al. 2010

Polymer Degradation and Stability

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Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes

Thetford¹

2000

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology

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A brief introduction describing the structure and dyeing properties, eg, lightfastness and color, of the triphenylmethane dyes is given. The dyes are also classified in terms of their application class, giving their historical and present‐day usage in textiles and paper. Further details on the relationship of the structure and the various substituents on the reactivity, spectral characteristics, and fastness properties are discussed. The significant industrial processes for the manufacture of triphenylmethane dyes are outlined through examples of the synthesis of the more important dyes like malachite green, methyl violet, and crystal violet. New reagents and kinds of chemical technology are described where these have been used to improve the older processes and alleviate environmental problems. The toxicology associated with the triphenylmethane dyes is also mentioned in relation to their use as food colorants or dyes, and the environmental concerns of effluent treatment is briefly mentioned. Production statistics for triphenylmethane dyes in the United States are given for the period between 1975 and 1995, with suitable references also provided giving world figures. The many different areas in which these dyes are employed are described, along with more recent high technology uses.

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Photoreduction of Crystal Violet in Solution and in Poly(vinyl Alcohol) Films

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

Decolorization of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet by Waterborne Pathogenic Mycobacteria

Decolorization of Malachite Green and Crystal Violet by Waterborne Pathogenic Mycobacteria

The effect of dyes on photo-induced chemiluminescence emission from polymers

Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes

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