Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes

Thetford, D.

doi:10.1002/0471238961.2018091620080520.a01

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Thousands of metric tons of triphenylmethane dyes are used annually as colorizers . Importantly, triphenylmethane dyes have a long safety record for use in humans as topical antibiotics, and newborns with purple, triple-dye stained umbilical cords have experienced their use in a medical setting. − While the antibacterial, antiphagocytic properties of triphenylmethane dyes were assessed more than 80 years ago, only recently has BG been proposed as an antibacterial additive for gloves and in mouthwash for immune-compromised individuals. , Triphenylmethane dyes redistribute within cell membranes and are known to interact with cell receptors, − enzymes, − and DNA. ,, In some cases, the reported affinity is quite high, for instance, with the Torpedo californica nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) the dissociation constant of crystal violet is 10 nM …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triphenylmethane Dye Activation of Beta-Arrestin

et al. 2013

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β-Arrestins regulate G protein-coupled receptor signaling as competitive inhibitors and protein adaptors. Low molecular weight biased ligands that bind receptors and discriminate between the G protein dependent arm and β-arrestin, clathrin-associated arm of receptor signaling are considered therapeutically valuable as a result of this distinctive pharmacological behavior. Other than receptor agonists, compounds that activate β-arrestins are not available. We show that within minutes of exposure to the cationic triphenylmethane dyes malachite green and brilliant green, tissue culture cells recruit β-arrestins to clathrin scaffolds in a receptor-activation independent manner. In the presence of these compounds, G protein signaling is inhibited, ERK and GSK3β signaling are preserved, and the recruitment of the beta2-adaptin, AP2 adaptor complex to clathrin as well as transferrin internalization is reduced. Moreover, malachite green binds β-arrestin2-GFP coated immunotrap beads relative to GFP only coated beads. Triphenylmethane dyes are FDA approved for topical use on newborns as components of triple-dye preparations and are not approved but used effectively as aqueous antibiotics in fish husbandry. As possible carcinogens, their chronic ingestion in food preparations, particularly through farmed fish, is discouraged in the U.S. and Europe. Our results indicate triphenylmethane dyes as a result of novel pharmacology may have additional roles as β-arrestin/clathrin pathway signaling modulators in both pharmacology research and clinical therapy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Triphenylmethane Dye Activation of Beta-Arrestin

et al. 2013

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“…Triphenylmethane dyes are aromatic xenobiotic compounds with molecular structures based upon the structure of the triphenylmethane hydrocarbons. They have weak resistance to light & bleaching chemicals and are extensively used in textile and non-textile industries such as copying papers, in printing inks and in leather industries (Thetford et al, 2013;Mani et al, 2018). The triphenylmethane dyes and their derivatives are amongst the primitive dyeing chemicals synthesized by the man, an applied method that was solely developed for the manufacture of fuchsine which is a best biological stain as well as a good disinfectant (Wang et al, 2011;Berradi et al, 2019).…”

Section: Tpms -Applications and Consequencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial remediation of triphenylmethane dyes contaminated wastewater: A review

Jabeen¹,

Rasool

2021

PJBB

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Extensive dependence of textile and other industries on the synthetic dyes have made these chemicals a necessary evil nowadays. Among all classes of dyes, triphenylmethane dyes (TPMs) are most common and unfortunately most hazardous. The wastewater originated from various industries is usually found to contain a major portion of TPMs along-with other synthetic dyes, inorganic and organic contaminant which lead to serious environmental consequences. In this regard, microbial remediation of such synthetic chemicals seems to be a very robust, cost effective and environment friendly strategy. Microbial remediation exploits the enzymatic capabilities of microorganisms (bacteria, fungi or microalgae) to cope with recalcitrant synthetic dyes and other chemicals. The remediation of TPMs can occur either by the phenomenon of adsorption onto the microbial systems or through the degradation by the enzymatic or metabolic mechanisms of the microbe under optimized conditions. Both of the two ways convert the toxic chemicals to harmless and friendly products. Biodegradation or bioremediation of pollutants can be achieved through various living organisms such as plants and algae. But the current review only focuses on the remediation of TPMs by microbes such as bacteria, yeast and fungi. The factors such as pH, temperature, inoculum size, dye concentration etc. which have profound effect on optimization of degradation of TPMs, can never be neglected and hence they are discussed in detail in the present study. In this way we claim that the present article will provide deep insights into the current consequences of TPMs and related toxicants being added to our environment. Further, an emphasis on the implementation of bioremediation to get rid of such chemicals from our waters would be helpful to enhance the interest of researchers and scientists already working on the same theme.

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“…One or more of the aromatic rings usually have donor or acceptor groups at the para positions. These dyes are known for their brightness i.e high extinction coefficients, and are inexpensive to produce [10,11]. Malachite green is a member of these dyes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computational Studies of Suitability of Triarylmethane-Coumarins as Sensitizer for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Adeleke,

Sulaıman,

Balogun

et al. 2024

Turkish Computational and Theoretical Chemistry

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Triarylmethanes are low cost synthetic dyes with intense absorption in the visible spectrum. This make it attractive to explore their suitability as sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell. Using malachite green as a lead dye, we made intuitive structural modifications: incorporation of coumarin-3-carboxylic acid as acceptor/anchor, and substituting one or the two N, N-diethylaniline donors with N-propyl-1,6dimethyllutidine(s). The three resulting triarylmethane-coumarin structures were subjected to DFT calculations to investigate their suitability as sensitizers for DSSC applications. The calculation results showed that triarylmethane-coumarins with cationic type chromophores are unsuitable as DSSC sensitizer. The acceptor/anchor, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, is basically excluded in the intramolecular charge transfer processes of the cationic dyes. Also, the LUMO levels of the cationic dyes are below the conduction band of TiO2, which is energetically uphill to electron injection into TiO2. Ultimately, the cationic triarylmethane-coumarin derivatives are unsuitable as sensitizer for DSSC. However, a charge-free triarylmethane-coumarin derivative shows promise as a sensitizer candidate for DSSC application.

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Triphenylmethane and Related Dyes

Cited by 9 publications

References 57 publications

Triphenylmethane Dye Activation of Beta-Arrestin

Triphenylmethane Dye Activation of Beta-Arrestin

Microbial remediation of triphenylmethane dyes contaminated wastewater: A review

Computational Studies of Suitability of Triarylmethane-Coumarins as Sensitizer for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

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