Photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision

Jacobs, Gerald H.; Deegan, Jess F.; Crognale, Michael A.; Fenwick, John C.

doi:10.1017/s0952523800003291

Cited by 86 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(22 reference statements)

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“…A similar phenomenon has been shown to underlie the loss of S cones among cetaceans (Levenson and Dizon 2003). The absence of S cones in pinnipeds is remarkable as the vast majority of terrestrial mammals studied have been found to possess both S and M/L cone visual pigments (Jacobs 1993;Jacobs et al 1993;Yokoyama and Yokoyama 1996) with a loss of S cones limited to isolated occurrences at the most distal branches of the primate, carnivore, and rodent lineages (e.g., Jacobs et al 1996b;Peichl and Moutairou 1998). The convergent widespread loss of S cones in these two divergent marine mammal groups suggests that the absence of this cone type may be linked to adaptation for aquatic vision; for example, to produce a reduction in sensitivity to the short wavelengths which are highly scattered in aquatic environments and hence potentially not conducive to good spatial vision (see Peichl et al 2001, Cowing et al 2002.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Visual pigments of marine carnivores: pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter

et al. 2006

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Rod and cone visual pigments of 11 marine carnivores were evaluated. Rod, middle/long-wavelength sensitive (M/L) cone, and short-wavelength sensitive (S) cone opsin (if present) sequences were obtained from retinal mRNA. Spectral sensitivity was inferred through evaluation of known spectral tuning residues. The rod pigments of all but one of the pinnipeds were similar to those of the sea otter, polar bear, and most other terrestrial carnivores with spectral peak sensitivities (k max ) of 499 or 501 nm. Similarly, the M/L cone pigments of the pinnipeds, polar bear, and otter had inferred k max of 545 to 560 nm. Only the rod opsin sequence of the elephant seal had sensitivity characteristic of adaptation for vision in the marine environment, with an inferred k max of 487 nm. No evidence of S cones was found for any of the pinnipeds. The polar bear and otter had S cones with inferred k max of $440 nm. Flickerphotometric ERG was additionally used to examine the in situ sensitivities of three species of pinniped. Despite the use of conditions previously shown to evoke cone responses in other mammals, no cone responses could be elicited from any of these pinnipeds. Rod photoreceptor responses for all three species were as predicted by the genetic data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Visual pigments of marine carnivores: pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter

et al. 2006

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“…11 These are termed long-and medium-wavelength-absorbing cones (L/M cones) and short-wavelength-absorbing cones (S cones), and have maximal sensitivities of 555 nm and 429-435 nm, respectively. 12,13 Canine diseases with primary cone photoreceptor involvement include achromatopsia and X-linked progressive retinal atrophy (XLPRA).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Targeting gene expression to cones with human cone opsin promoters in recombinant AAV

et al. 2008

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Specific cone-directed therapy is of high priority in the treatment of human hereditary retinal diseases. However, not much information exists about the specific targeting of photoreceptor subclasses. Three versions of the human red cone opsin promoter (PR0.5, 3LCR-PR0.5 and PR2.1), and the human blue cone opsin promoter HB569, were evaluated for their specificity and robustness in targeting green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene expression to subclasses of cones in the canine retina when used in recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors of serotype 5. The vectors were administered by subretinal injection. The promoter PR2.1 led to most effective and specific expression of GFP in the long-and medium-wavelength-absorbing cones (L/M cones) of normal and diseased retinas. The PR0.5 promoter was not effective. Adding three copies of the 35-bp LCR in front of PR0.5 lead to weak GFP expression in L/M cones. The HB569 promoter was not specific, and GFP was expressed in a few L/M cones, some rods and the retinal pigment epithelium. These results suggest that L/M cones, the predominant class of cone photoreceptors in the retinas of dogs and most mammalian species can be successfully targeted using the human red cone opsin promoter.

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“…We did not convert the images to grayscale as in another study of egg coloration and nest survival (Lee et al 2010). Nest depredation of Mountain Plovers by predators such as canids, which view the world dichromatically (Jacobs et al 1993), have been observed primarily at night and the animals appeared to find the nest by scent rather than sight ( personal observations).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Egg crypsis in a ground‐nesting shorebird influences nest survival

Skrade¹,

Dinsmore²

2013

Ecosphere

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Abstract. Coloration of exposed eggs of ground-nesting birds is thought to reduce predation, with camouflaged eggs that more closely match the area around the nest having greater survival. We tested this hypothesis using digital photographs of 374 Mountain Plover (Charadrius montanus) nests and the substrate surrounding each nest to produce covariates in nest survival models. Covariates included values representing the difference between the color of the eggs and that of the substrate, the average egg and substrate colors, and variation in both egg and substrate color. Nest survival decreased as the difference between the color of the eggs and substrate increased (accounted for by two different methods of quantifying color: b DE ¼À0.021, SE ¼ 0.024, 95% CI ¼À0.069, 0.026 and b DRGB ¼À0.004, SE ¼ 0.005, 95% CI ¼ À0.013, 0.005) and increased with increasing variability in substrate color (b DSDsub ¼ 2.624, SE ¼ 2.846, 95% CI ¼À2. 954, 8.202), although after model-averaging these effects were not well-supported. Model-averaged estimates of daily nest survival ranged from 0.90 to 0.98 (unconditional SEs from 0.004 to 0.129). Our results support the egg crypsis hypothesis because eggs that closely match their surroundings have greater survival.

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Photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision

Cited by 86 publications

References 23 publications

Visual pigments of marine carnivores: pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter

Visual pigments of marine carnivores: pinnipeds, polar bear, and sea otter

Targeting gene expression to cones with human cone opsin promoters in recombinant AAV

Egg crypsis in a ground‐nesting shorebird influences nest survival

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