Photophysics of metal complexes of spheroidal carbon shells

Weiss, F. D.; Elkind, J. L.; O’Brien, S.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E.

doi:10.1021/ja00221a085

Cited by 234 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…2 In laser fragmentation experiments LaC 60 ϩ shrank by successive C 2 losses, and it was ''difficult to fragment past LaC 44 ϩ and impossible to go past LaC 36 ϩ without bursting the cluster.'' 3,4 This observation was the dawn of an extensive research activity on endohedrally doped carbon cages, since they were expected to exhibit unique properties controlled by the attributes of the encapsulated atoms. 5 Even now, 15 years after the initial discovery, basic properties are still not understood, e.g., the vanishing density of states at the Fermi level in bulk La@C 82 , 6 which is supposed to be metallic according to a simple charge transfer picture.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectra of metal-doped carbon and fullerene clusters

Klingeler

Bechthold

Neeb

et al. 2000

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We present a systematic study of the abundancies of metal-doped cluster cations M x C n ϩ (MϭCa, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Gd; xϭ1,2͒ produced in a laser vaporization source. The mass spectra of MC n ϩ and M 2 C n ϩ reveal the onset of endohedrally doped fullerenes from which the smallest possible cage sizes can be deduced. Y 2 C n and La 2 C n show a distinct transition from alternation odd-even to even-odd at nϭ69 and nϭ71, respectively, which can be explained by a substantial change in the doped fullerene structure, i.e., from networked to bi-endohedral systems. A metal induced cluster formation pathway is briefly discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectra of metal-doped carbon and fullerene clusters

Klingeler

Bechthold

Neeb

et al. 2000

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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“…Especially for metal-carbon binary cluster, the high mass resolution of FT-ICR is convenient for the assignment of complicated mass signals. Furthermore, the mass-selected reaction experiments [29,30,40], laser photodissociation experiments [4,19], and CID (collision-induced dissociation) experiments [41] can be done while cluster ions are trapped in the ICR cell for a few minutes. A FT-ICR mass-spectrometer at The University of Tokyo [29,30] originally developed at Rice University [28] is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Ft-icr Mass Spectrometermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Actually, the shrink-wrapping photodissociation [3] with loss of C 2 units down to the certain carbon size depending on the metal species [4] was one of the important evidence of the hypothesis of spherical cage structure of C 60 [5]. The information obtained by the mass-spectroscopic experiments at the time was mass abundance distribution, chemical reactivity [2,4], laser photodissociation pattern [4], collisional dissociation pattern, and UPS (ultraviolet photoelectron) spectroscopy [6]. Later, ion chromatography experiments used for carbon…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endohedral Metallofullerene in Gas Phase

Maruyama

2002

Endofullerenes

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Abstract,Mass-spectroscopic experiments related to the endohedral metallofullerene are reviewed. Generation techniques of gas phase clusters, FT-ICR mass spectroscopy experiments, and ion mobility experiments are overviewed. Based on those experimental results, the formation mechanism of endohedral metallofullerene is discussed with classical molecular dynamics simulation results. Finally, exotic predictions from the mass spectroscopic experiments such as new types of heterofullerene, Met-Cars, small cage endohedral metallofullerene and more are discussed.

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“…Although limited in sensitivity, the mass spectral method is faster and easier than pyrolysis. [4]) were observed [5,6] soon after the discovery of buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) [7]. Following the development of the Krätschmer-Huffman method for preparation of fullerenes [8] (an electrical discharge between graphite electrodes in the presence of 0.2 atm of He gas), Smalley and co-workers produced macroscopic quantities of endohedral metallofullerenes in laser vaporization experiments on graphite doped with metal salts [4].…”

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confidence: 99%

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

Cooper

Hendrickson

Marshall

et al. 2002

J. Am. Soc. Mass Spectrom.

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In this paper, we report negative ion microelectrospray Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometry of C 60 samples containing ϳ1% 3 He@C 60 or 4 He@C 60 . Resolving 3 He@C 60 Ϫ and 4 He@C 60 Ϫ from C 60 containing 3 or 4 13 C instead of 12 C atoms is technically challenging, because the target species are present in low relative abundance and are very close in mass. Nevertheless, we achieve baseline resolution of 3 He@C 60 Ϫ from 13 C 3 12 C 57 Ϫ and 4 He@C 60 Ϫ from 13 C 4 12 C 56 Ϫ in single-scan mass spectra obtained in broadband mode without preisolation of the ions of interest. The results constitute the first direct mass spectrometric observation of endohedral helium in a fullerene sample at this (low) level of incorporation. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of determining the extent of He incorporation from the FT-ICR mass spectral peak heights. The present measurements are in agreement with those obtained by the pyrolysis method [1][2][3]. Although limited in sensitivity, the mass spectral method is faster and easier than pyrolysis. [4]) were observed [5,6] soon after the discovery of buckminsterfullerene (C 60 ) [7]. Following the development of the Krätschmer-Huffman method for preparation of fullerenes [8] (an electrical discharge between graphite electrodes in the presence of 0.2 atm of He gas), Smalley and co-workers produced macroscopic quantities of endohedral metallofullerenes in laser vaporization experiments on graphite doped with metal salts [4]. Weiske et al. [9] observed helium within the fragments of C 60 ϩ following high-energy collisions between the cations and the noble gas. Shortly after, the full He@C 60 ϩ adduct was observed [10,11]. Endohedral neon and argon compounds have also been produced by that method [12][13][14]. Another technique for the preparation of endohedral fullerene compounds is that of ion implantation (the endohedral species is neutralized on implantation). Endohedral species containing lithium and other alkali metals [15][16][17], the noble gases, He and Ne [18], and nitrogen [19] have been produced by that method.Endohedral compounds of all the noble gases can be prepared by heating fullerenes under high noble gas pressure [1][2][3]20]. Initially, yields of incorporation were approximately 0.1% for He, Ne, Ar and Kr and 0.03% for Xe. Subsequent experiments showed that reiterations of the labeling procedure resulted in higher yields of incorporation (ϳ1%) [21]. 3 He@C 60 , an NMR-active molecule, has also been prepared by that method [21,22]. Recent results have shown that the presence of KCN catalyzes the incorporation of noble gas, giving higher yields of incorporation (ϳ1%) in a single labeling experiment [23]. It is also known that He is trapped inside fullerenes (at about 1 ppm of empty fullerene) prepared by the Krätschmer-Huffman procedure [1,8]. In a recent finding, it was shown that fullerenes extracted from the Allende and Murchison meteorites contained endohedral helium [24]. The 3 He/ 4 He ratio in those fullerenes ...

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Photophysics of metal complexes of spheroidal carbon shells

Cited by 234 publications

References 7 publications

Mass spectra of metal-doped carbon and fullerene clusters

Mass spectra of metal-doped carbon and fullerene clusters

Endohedral Metallofullerene in Gas Phase

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

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Photophysics of metal complexes of spheroidal carbon shells

Cited by 234 publications

References 7 publications

Mass spectra of metal-doped carbon and fullerene clusters

Mass spectra of metal-doped carbon and fullerene clusters

Endohedral Metallofullerene in Gas Phase

Direct detection and quantitation of He@C60 by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry

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Direct detection and quantitation of He@C₆₀ by ultrahigh-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry