Photon point process for traveling-wave laser amplifiers

Li, T.; Teich, Malvin C.

doi:10.1109/3.247716

Cited by 30 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…As expressed in (5), is scaled by a factor of ( ) appearing in front of the summation sign. Hence, defining , the pdf for may be expressed in the form of a modified chi-square distribution as (7) which is consistent with the expression for the probability density function for the spontaneous-spontaneous beat noise derived by Marcuse [9], [10], and others [14], [15]. (Rather than sampling, Marcuse expands the output in a trigonometric series, and assumes that the expansion coefficients are independent.…”

Section: Receiver Structure and Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 88%

Optical preamplifier receiver for spectrum-sliced WDM

Arya

Jacobs²

1997

J. Lightwave Technol.

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Spectrum-slicing provides a low-cost alternative to the use of multiple coherent lasers for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) applications by utilizing spectral slices of a single broadband noise source for creating the multichannel system. In this paper we analyze the performance of both p-in and optical preamplifier receivers for spectrum-sliced WDM using actual noise distributions, and the results are compared with those using the Gaussian approximation. This extends prior results of Marcuse for the detection of deterministic signals in the presence of optical amplifier and receiver noise. Although the methodology is similar, the results are considerably different when the signal is itself noise-like. For the case of noise-like signals, it is shown that when an optical preamplifier receiver is used, there exists an optimum filter bandwidth which minimizes the detection sensitivity for a given error probability. Moreover the evaluated detection sensitivity, in photons/bit, represents an order of magnitude (>10 dB) improvement over conventional detection techniques that employ p-i-n receivers. The Gaussian approximation is shown to be overly conservative when dealing with small ratios of the receiver optical to electrical bandwidth, for both p-i-n and preamplifier receivers.

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Section: Receiver Structure and Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 88%

Optical preamplifier receiver for spectrum-sliced WDM

Arya

Jacobs²

1997

J. Lightwave Technol.

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“…We note that with nearly matched optical filters, a single-polarization preamplified RX achieves true single-mode spatio-temporal filtering, which maximizes rejection to background noise, but also modifies the ASE noise statistics [122][123][124][125]. While accurate analysis of single-mode Bose-Einstein and noncentral-negative-binomial distributions for '0' and '1' ASE statistics, respectively, may influence theoretical predictions of optimum threshold and receiver sensitivity, they are unlikely to impact the results above.…”

Section: Combined Optical and Postdetection Filteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, detailed numerical evaluation of preamplified OOK performance assuming these distributions yields ∼38 PPB at 10 −9 BER [36,38], compared to ∼36 PPB with the Gaussian approximation. An additional correction includes the exact statistics based on the quantum-mechanical description of the physical photon-detection process which are the degenerate Bose-Einstein probability distribution for 0's and the noncentral negative binomial distribution (NNB) also called the Laguerre distribution for 1's [47,[121][122][123][124][125][126]. Nevertheless, the Gaussian approximation yields straightforward analytic BER expressions that provide a reasonable estimate of receiver sensitivity, with SNR estimates for a particular BER accurate to within ∼1 dB relative to calculations based on with exact statistics [126,127].…”

Section: On-off-keying (Ook)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser communication transmitter and receiver design

Caplan

2007

J Optic Comm Rep

117

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Free-space laser communication systems have the potential to provide flexible, high-speed connectivity suitable for long-haul intersatellite and deep-space links. For these applications, power-efficient transmitter and receiver designs are essential for cost-effective implementation. State-of-the-art designs can leverage many of the recent advances in optical communication technologies that have led to global wideband fiber-optic networks with multiple Tbit/s capacities. While spectral efficiency has long been a key design parameter in the telecommunications industry, the many THz of excess channel bandwidth in the optical regime can be used to improve receiver sensitivities where photon efficiency is a design driver. Furthermore, the combination of excess bandwidth and average-power-limited optical transmitters has led to a new paradigm in transmitter and receiver design that can extend optimized performance of a single receiver to accommodate multiple data rates. This paper discusses state-of-the-art optical transmitter and receiver designs that are particularly well suited for average-power-limited photon-starved links where channel bandwidth is readily available. For comparison, relatively simple direct-detection systems used in short terrestrial or fiber optic links are discussed, but emphasis is placed on mature high-performance photon-efficient systems and commercially available technologies suitable for operation in space. The fundamental characteristics of optical sources, modulators, amplifiers, detectors, and associated noise sources are reviewed along with some of the unique properties that distinguish laser communication systems and components from their RF counterparts. Also addressed is the interplay between modulation format, transmitter waveform, and receiver design, as well as practical tradeoffs and implementation considerations that arise from using various technologies.

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“…For polarized light incident on a photodetector, if the optical filter bandwidth is g times wider than the inverse response time of the photodetector, the Bose-Einstein process becomes g-fold degenerate. The resulting photon probabillity distribution is then the convolution of the individual distributions over m, which can be stated in closed form as [2] For an optical amplifier with a power gain of G , the mean photon number in each mode is E = x(G -l), where x is the noise enhancement factor for incomplete inversion of the gain medium.We set up the receiver, as shown in Fig. 1, to measure the photon statistics of the ASE noise.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first class uses the semiclassical square-law model for detection, resulting in a gaussian distribution for the photocurrent [ 11. The second class uses quantum mechanics to treat spontaneous and stimulated processes in the optical amplifier [2]. The advantages of the semiclassical models are simplicity and the fact that it yields an analytical expression for the BER, while the advantage of the quantum mechanical model is its correctness in describing the physical processes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photon statistics of amplified spontaneous emission noise in a 10 Gb/s optically pre-amplified lightwave direct detection receiver

Wong

Haus²,

Jiang³

et al.

Conference Proceedings. LEOS'98. 11th Annual Meeting. IEEE Lasers and Electro-Optics Society 1998 Annual Meeting (Cat. No.98CH3

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The determination of receiver sensitivity and bit-error rate (BER) is important in the design of high bit rate optical digital communication systems at the 1.5 pm wavelength, where the most sensilive receivers use optical preamplification. There exists two classes of models for the analysis of optically amplified signals. The first class uses the semiclassical square-law model for detection, resulting in a gaussian distribution for the photocurrent [ 11. The second class uses quantum mechanics to treat spontaneous and stimulated processes in the optical amplifier [2]. The advantages of the semiclassical models are simplicity and the fact that it yields an analytical expression for the BER, while the advantage of the quantum mechanical model is its correctness in describing the physical processes. In this paper, we show that the photon distribution of the ZEROS obtained experimentally is indeed Bose-Einstein distributed. We then demonstrate that we can predict the sensitivity of the receiver based on the quantum mechanical model.The ASE noise of an optical amplifier is Bose-Einstein distributed [3]. For polarized light incident on a photodetector, if the optical filter bandwidth is g times wider than the inverse response time of the photodetector, the Bose-Einstein process becomes g-fold degenerate. The resulting photon probabillity distribution is then the convolution of the individual distributions over m, which can be stated in closed form as [2] For an optical amplifier with a power gain of G , the mean photon number in each mode is E = x(G -l), where x is the noise enhancement factor for incomplete inversion of the gain medium.We set up the receiver, as shown in Fig. 1, to measure the photon statistics of the ASE noise. The receiver consists of an optical pre-amplifier pumped at 980 nm, an optical bandpass filter with center wavelength 1550 nm and bandwidth 1.3 nm to provide rejection of out-of-band noise, a 20 GHz pin detector with a quantum efficiency of 0.8, and a dc-coupled digital sampling oscilloscope. To calibrate our measurement, we measure the detector noise by blocking the input to the pin detector and obtaining the distribution of rf voltages on the oscilloscope. As shown in Fig. 2 in a logarithmic scale, the histogram of voltages, in the absence of incident light, agrees very well with a gaussian fit of zero mean and a standard deviation of 0.54 mV, which is expected because thermal circuit noise is gaussian [4].The photon distribution of ASE noise of the pre-amplifier on the oscilloscope is obtained by blocking the incident light on the receiver and unblocking the pin detector. Using the previously measured circuit noise distribution, the theoretical distribution of the ASE noise is computed by convolving the degenerate Bose-Einstein distribution in Eq. (4) with the gaussian distribution obtained in Fig. 2. The ASE histogram data, collected with 9x10' hits, is then fitted with this composite distribution, shown in Fig. 3(a) in ai logarithmic scale. The two degrees of freedom used in fitting are t...

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Photon point process for traveling-wave laser amplifiers

Cited by 30 publications

References 27 publications

Optical preamplifier receiver for spectrum-sliced WDM

Optical preamplifier receiver for spectrum-sliced WDM

Laser communication transmitter and receiver design

Photon statistics of amplified spontaneous emission noise in a 10 Gb/s optically pre-amplified lightwave direct detection receiver

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