Photolithographic Patterning of Organic Color‐Centers

Huang, Zhongjie; Powell, Lyndsey R.; Wu, Xiaojian; Kim, Mijin; Qu, Haoran; Wang, Peng; Fortner, Jacob; Xu, Beibei; Ng, Allen L.; Wang, YuHuang

doi:10.1002/adma.201906517

Cited by 16 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 68 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…The deterministic localization of luminescent defects is desired especially for the goal of electrically pumped single-photon emitters. On-site reaction with the help of either photolithographically opened access to a nanotube [151] or optically induced reactions [185] might be an option to overcome this challenge. Furthermore, the continued exploration of novel functional groups, for example, with attached fluorescent probes, ionophores for metal ion sensing, open shell systems with spin states, single molecular magnets or plasmonic nanoparticles and their impact on the optical and electronic properties of the sp 3 defects and the rest of the nanotube should provide a large space of opportunities for this newest incarnation of carbon nanotubes as an exciting and useful nanomaterial.…”

Section: Future Directions and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luminescent Defects in Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Applications

Zaumseil

2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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most applications, only semiconducting nanotubes and ideally only one (n,m) species (monochiral) are desired. This technological need has pushed the search for more controlled and selective growth of SWCNTs [5,6] and even more importantly fueled the development of post-growth purification and sorting of the different nanotube types and chiralities. Various, quite different techniques, such as gelchromatography, [7][8][9] aqueous two-phase separation (ATPE), [10][11][12] and selective polymer-wrapping, [13][14][15][16][17] now make it possible to produce and work with sufficiently large amounts of not only purely semiconducting nanotubes of a certain diameter range but also monochiral nanotubes and even enantiomerically pure samples. [18,19] This high degree of purification and hence the availability of nanotubes as a material with reproducible properties has been critical for applications in electronics [20,21] and energy conversion, [22,23] as well as imaging [24,25] and sensing [26,27] based on the near-infrared photoluminescence (PL) of SWCNTs and its modulation. However, an important paradigm shift occurred when it became clear that defects in the sp 2 carbon lattice of nanotubes are not always detrimental to the photoluminescence yield, but can indeed lead to new electronic states with highly interesting and useful optical properties. [28][29][30] These specific defects, which are variably named sp 3 defects, luminescent defects, organic color centers or quantum defects [31][32][33][34][35] have been at the heart of many recent studies on carbon nanotubes and promise a wide range of potential applications from single-photon emission to in vivo super-resolution imaging. This review will briefly introduce the underlying photo physics and properties of these defects, peruse recent progress in their controlled creation and discuss the various potential applications in detail.Semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes show extraordinary electronic and optical properties, such as high charge carrier mobilities and diameter-dependent near-infrared photoluminescence. The introduction of sp 3 defects in the carbon lattice of these nanotubes creates new electronic states that result in even further red-shifted photoluminescence with longer lifetimes and higher photoluminescence yield. These luminescent defects or organic color centers can be tuned chemically by controlling the precise binding configuration and the electrostatic properties of the attached substituents. This review covers the basic photophysics of luminescent sp 3 defects, synthetic methods for their controlled formation and discusses their application as near-infrared single-photon emitters at room temperature, in electroluminescent devices, as versatile optical sensors, and as fluorophores for bioimaging and potential super-resolution microscopy.

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Section: Future Directions and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Luminescent Defects in Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Applications

Zaumseil

2021

Advanced Optical Materials

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“…[ 100 ] An analogous process can also be used to add chemical functionality to SWCNT thin films, wherein the film is selectively functionalized under irradiation with high spatial resolution using light‐activated chemistry. [ 101 ] The ability to covalently attach and reversibly remove functional groups with the aid of light provides a tool for modifying the printed nanocarbon devices or enables direct writing of functional circuits.…”

Section: Nanocarbons With Properties Beyond Colormentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Color: The New Carbon Ink

et al. 2021

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For thousands of years, carbon ink has been used as a black color pigment for writing and painting purposes. However, recent discoveries of nanocarbon materials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and their various derivative forms, together with the advances in large‐scale synthesis, are enabling a whole new generation of carbon inks that can serve as an intrinsically programmable materials platform for developing advanced functionalities far beyond color. The marriage between these multifunctional nanocarbon inks with modern printing technologies is facilitating and even transforming many applications, including flexible electronics, wearable and implantable sensors, actuators, and autonomous robotics. This review examines recent progress in the reborn field of carbon inks, highlighting their programmability and multifunctionality for applications in flexible electronics and stimuli‐responsive devices. Current challenges and opportunities will also be discussed from a materials science perspective towards the advancement of carbon ink for new applications beyond color.

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“…[26] Since their atomic thickness, the photon extraction efficiency will significantly improve compared to the bulk crystals, in which total internal reflection is unavoided. There are two possible [134] Copyright 2020, Wiley. Reproduced with permission.…”

Section: D Layered Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Color centers in SWCNTs films were recently demonstrated via a simple DLW approach, which can generate patterns via laser‐driven spatially localized chemical reaction, as illustrated in Figure 7b. [ 134 ] The E ‐isomer of p ‐nitrobenzenediazoascorbic acid (DZE) is deposited on the SWCNTs thin film. When a laser irradiates the SWCNTs substrate, the DZE can switch to the highly reactive Z‐isomer.…”

Section: Laser Writing Of Color Centersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser Writing of Color Centers

Wang

Fang

Sun

et al. 2021

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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Color centers, optically active defects within solids, are vital for leading quantum information technologies such as quantum computing and quantum sensing. An essential prerequisite for realizing scalable quantum architectures is the ability to create quantum emitters deterministically. In the last decades, significant efforts have been devoted to selectively generating color centers. One of the most used methods is high-energy ion implantation. However, this method usually causes extended lattice damage along the entire trajectory because of ions bombardment. Moreover, the position depth of color centers is also limited by the ions penetrate length in crystals. The direct laser-writing (DLW) technique has recently emerged as a powerful tool to create color centers in solid-state materials. It can define color centers at arbitrary depths inside the substrate and operate at the ambient environment, therefore, providing a feasible 3D fabrication method for integrated quantum photonics. Here, recent advancements of laser writing of color centers in solid-state materials are reviewed, from bulk crystals, such as diamond and silicon carbide, to nanostructures, involving single-walled carbon nanotubes, 2D layered materials, and quantum dots.

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Photolithographic Patterning of Organic Color‐Centers

Cited by 16 publications

References 68 publications

Luminescent Defects in Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Applications

Luminescent Defects in Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes for Applications

Beyond Color: The New Carbon Ink

Laser Writing of Color Centers

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