Photoelectric Work Functions of Transition, Rare-Earth, and Noble Metals

East̀man, D. E.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.2.1

Cited by 689 publications

(289 citation statements)

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“…The work function was measured by Kelvin probe (KP Technology UHV Kelvin Probe) with a 4 mm stainless-steel head. We calibrated the work function of probe head by defining the observed value of in-situ deposited gold to be 5.1 V. 31) The size of analysis area (4 mm ) is by orders of magnitude larger than that of Kelvin force microscopy (15-30 nm radius 8) ). Since various interfaces in electronic devices are much larger than 15-30 nm, the work function measurement with a macroscopic Kelvin probe would be relevant for designing electronic devices.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Surface Work Function by Depositing Insulating Oxide Capping Layers

Susaki

Hosono

2013

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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We have studied the work function modulation in pulsed laser deposited nonpolar MgO (100) and polar MgO (100) and LaAlO3 (100) insulating oxide films on Nb:SrTiO3 (100) and (111) substrates using Kelvin probe measurements. The work function modulation in MgO/Nb:SrTiO3 is ∼1 eV, which may be understood by the “electron compression model”, where the leaked-out electrons from Nb:SrTiO3 surface are pushed back by MgO layer, reducing the surface dipole moment. By forming double insulating top layer in LaAlO3/nondoped SrTiO3/Nb:SrTiO3 (100), we have realized the work function as low as ∼2.2 eV, which would be originated in the formation of high-density electrons at the LaAlO3/nondoped SrTiO3 interface and can be very close to the top surface. The present results demonstrate that chemically stable oxides can be used as low work function devices employing heterostructure form.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of Surface Work Function by Depositing Insulating Oxide Capping Layers

Susaki

Hosono

2013

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.

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“…TiO 2 has a large overpotential for H 2 evolution. Since the work functions of the noble metals are larger than that of TiO 2 [68][69][70], a Schottky barrier can be formed at the metal-TiO 2 interface, as introduced above. The presence of such barrier can decrease the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and prolong their lifetime, so greatly enhancing the photocatalytic activity [71].…”

Section: Materials and Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen Production by Photoreforming of Renewable Substrates

Rossetti

2012

ISRN Chemical Engineering

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This paper focuses on the application of photocatalysis to hydrogen production from organic substrates. This process, usually called photoreforming, makes use of semiconductors to promote redox reactions, namely, the oxidation of organic molecules and the reduction of H + to H 2 . This may be an interesting and fully sustainable way to produce this interesting fuel, provided that materials efficiency becomes sufficient and solar light can be effectively harvested. After a first introduction to the key features of the photoreforming process, the attention will be directed to the needs for materials development correlated to the existing knowledge on reaction mechanisms. Examples are then given on the photoreforming of alcohols, the most studied topic, especially in the case of methanol and carbohydrates. Finally, some examples of more complex but more interesting substrates, such as waste solutions, are proposed.

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“…13(a) (Eastman, 1970;Thompson et al, 2008). E F is assumed to be 9.071 eV for Ni electrodes (Wang et al, 1977).…”

Section: Theoretical Calculation and Experimental Results Of I-v Charmentioning

confidence: 99%