Photodegradation assessment of ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin in the presence of excipients from tablets by UPLC-MS/MS and DSC

Abstract

BackgroundCiprofloxacin (CIP), moxifloxacin (MOX), norfloxacin (NOR) and ofloxacin (OFL), are the antibacterial synthetic drugs, belonging to the fluoroquinolones group. Fluoroquinolones are compounds susceptible to photodegradation process, which may lead to reduction of their antibacterial activity and to induce phototoxicity as a side effect. This paper describes a simple, sensitive UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of CIP, MOX, NOR and OFL in the presence of photodegradation products.ResultsChromatographic separations were carried out using the Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column; (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.7 μm particle size). The column was maintained at 40°C, and the following gradient was used: 0 min, 95% of eluent A and 5% of eluent B; 10 min, 0% of eluent A and 100% of eluent B, at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min-1. Eluent A: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water; eluent B: 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in acetonitrile. The method was validated and all the validation parameters were in the ranges acceptable by the guidelines for analytical method validation. The photodegradation of examined fluoroquinolones in solid phase in the presence of excipients followed kinetic of the first order reaction and depended upon the type of analyzed drugs and coexisting substances. Photodegradation process of analyzed drugs was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry. In addition, the identification of degradation products was carried out by mass spectrometry.ConclusionThe developed UPLC-MS/MS method enables the determination of CIP, MOX, NOR and OFL in the presence of photodegradation products and identification of photodegradation products.

Evaluation of photodegradation, phototoxicity and photogenotoxicity of ofloxacin in ointments with sunscreens and in solutions

“…On the basis of the m/z value only the exact structure of the compound cannot be proposed. However, the comparison of the HPLC-MS results with published data [21,32,33,39] …”

“…Photolysis was fast (t 1/2 = 1-4 min) and followed first-order kinetics. The photodegradation of OFX in a solid phase was examined by Hubicka et al [21], the process rate was much slower than in solution. After 113 days of irradiation in Suntest CPS+ chamber with a glass filter (cut-off approximately 310 nm) the photolysis of OFX in powdered tablet reached 11.9%.…”

“…There is a number of research papers dedicated to evaluate the photodegradation of this antibiotic in solid form or in aqueous solutions [21][22][23]. However, there is a lack of reports on the photodegradation of OFX in ointments.…”

UV and Solar Degradation of Ofloxacin Antibiotic

“…Vasquez et al, (2013) studied the degradation of antibiotic ofloxacin in waste water with the help of UV radiations in the presence of TiO 2 . Hubicka et al, (2013) studied the degradation of moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and ofloxacin in aquatic medium by ultra-violet exposure and noticed that these antibiotics were degraded in several simpler products. Santos et al, (2015) investigated the photodegradation of norfloxacin antibiotic with the help of direct UV exposure, Fenton's oxidation process and photolysis in the presence of H 2 O 2 in waste water effluent.…”

“…Ofloxacin is a synthetic chemotherapeutic antibiotic having activity against gram negative as well as gram positive bacteria through inhibition of their DNA gyrase (Hubicka et al, 2013;Sato et. al., 1982).…”