Photochemistry

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Primary Photophysical Processes 2.1. The Laws of Photochemistry 2.2. Quantum Yield 3. Performance of Photochemical Reactions 3.1. Photoreactor Design 3.2. Light Sources 3.3. Materials 3.4. Scale‐up and Scale‐down (Micro‐Photoreactors) 3.5. Economic Considerations 4. Light‐Induced Chain Reactions 4.1. Photohalogenation 4.2. Photosulfochlorination 4.3. Photosulfoxidation 4.4. Type I Photooxidation 4.5. Photopolymerization 5. Quasi‐Stoichiometric Photoreactions 5.1. Photonitrosation 5.2. Photosynthesis of Previtamin D 5.3. Photoreactions in Supercritical Fluids 6. Photosensitized Reactions 6.1. ( E/Z )‐Isomerization of Tachysterol 6.2. Type II Photooxidation 7. Selected Useful Photoreactions 7.1. Enamide Cyclization 7.2. Cyclobutane Formation 7.3. Oxetane Formation 7.4. Oxadi‐ π ‐Methane Rearrangement 7.5. 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition 8. Environmental Applications 8.1. Advanced Oxidation Technologies (AOTs) 8.2. Photocatalysis 8.3. UV‐Disinfection

A Quasi Physical Method for the Equal Sphere Packing Problem

“…Hugo(a) r/r0 is a set of verifiable records provided by Hugo Pfoertner (Pfoertner, 2008a), which are supported by their coordinates of spheres centers. Hugo(b) r/r0 is a set of best known records collected by Hugo Pfoertner (Pfoertner, 2008b), which is produced by Hugo Pfoertner, Thierry Gensane and Dave Boll.…”

A method to determine the correct photocatalyst concentration for photooxidation reactions conducted in continuous flow reactors

“…For example, the flow reactor can overcome the difficulties that occur upon scale-up. The most desirable approach for industrial-scale reactions is described by the quote "the best approach to the scale-up of a photoreaction seems to be the enlarging of a laboratory-type prototype reactor, with the important parameters being changed as little as possible" [8]. This phrase describes the approach used to scale up flow reactors to an industrial scale [9,10].…”

Impact of the diffusion limitation in microphotoreactors

“…Photochemistry is a powerful method for the conversion of simple molecules into new and/or complex products, opening promising perspectives in particular for synthetic organic chemistry . When compared to thermal pathways, photochemical reactions commonly occur without additional reagents, thus reducing the formation of by‐products.…”

“…When compared to thermal pathways, photochemical reactions commonly occur without additional reagents, thus reducing the formation of by‐products. This feature makes photochemistry attractive in the modern context of Green Chemistry . Despite some large‐scale technical applications the industrial usage of preparative photochemistry is still limited due to concerns about the scalability of light sources and the difficulty of reproducing yields and selectivities when transferring from the laboratory scale to the industrial one.…”

“…This feature makes photochemistry attractive in the modern context of Green Chemistry . Despite some large‐scale technical applications the industrial usage of preparative photochemistry is still limited due to concerns about the scalability of light sources and the difficulty of reproducing yields and selectivities when transferring from the laboratory scale to the industrial one. Over the last decades, microreaction technology has been successfully developed to improve reaction outcomes .…”