“…Recombinant M13 phages containing anti-idiotypic VHHs were used as a reagent to accurately quantify AFB1 in corn, rice, peanuts, and feedstuffs (Wang et al, 2018). Nb against AFB1 also exhibits higher sensitivity (an IC 50 of 0.754 ng ml −1 , a linear range of 0.117−5.676 ng ml −1 ) by means of the IC-ELISA method versus pAb (IC 50 2.0 ng ml −1 ) and mAb (IC 50 0.87 ng ml −1 ) (He et al, 2014;Reddy et al, 2001;Xu et al, 2012). Regarding deoxynivalenol determination, Nb-based competitive fluorescence polarization assays have similar sensitivities (an IC 50 of 419 ng ml −1 , a linear range of 10−5000 ng ml −1 ) as mAb/pAbbased (an IC 50 of 1000 ng ml −1 , a linear range of 0.05−20 μg ml −1 ) direct competitive ELISA (DC-ELISA) (Doyle et al, 2008;Sinha et al, 1995).…”