Photocatalytic evaluation of Hemin (chloro(protoporhyinato)iron(III)) anchored ZnO hetero-aggregate system under UV/solar light irradiation: A surface modification method

New ZnO@Cardanol Porphyrin Composite Nanomaterials with Enhanced Photocatalytic Capability under Solar Light Irradiation

“…Although many authors, concerning the mechanism of photosensitization, have indicated a peripheral polar substituent of porphyrins as responsible for a significant electronic interaction with the semiconductive support [ 22 , 27 , 50 ], thus promoting the raise of the photocatalytic performance, in the present study, it was verified that the functionalization of porphyrins with non-polar chemical groups can also act effectively in the photocatalytic processes.…”

“…In this case, first the electrons are excited from the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) to the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of H 2 Pp or CuPp, and are then transferred into CB of ZnO, subsequently forming •O 2 − for degrade the RhB [ 25 ]. Simultaneously, holes in the sensitizer can react with water to produce hydroxyl radicals (•OH) and also act as an oxidizing agent of RhB [ 27 , 55 , 56 ]. In addition, porphyrins are able to produce singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) [ 45 ], a reactive oxygen species formed by the interaction of sensitizer excited triplet state with molecular oxygen, contributing toward the oxidation process of RhB.…”

“…It is possible to consider that porphyrins simply cannot resist the oxidative stress to which they are subjected in the photocatalytic process. Regarding this, a past study reports that the dye (RhB), itself, undergoes a series of oxidation steps which lead its degradation, reducing the porphyrin (Pp *+ ) to its ground state [ 17 ], while other authors suggest the use of sacrificial electron donors (i.e., triethanolamine) to sensitizer regeneration [ 27 ]. However, Sardar et al [ 58 ] reported that water, itself, acts as an electron donor to regenerate the photosensitizer, replacing the need for any undesirable sacrificial electron donors.…”

“…Many efforts have been made towards the development of novel porphyrins to enhance electron transfer efficiency to semicondutors, among which molecules containing mainly carboxyl, sulfonyl, or hydroxyl groups are included [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Moreover, although some studies using porphyrins as photosensitizers of ZnO have been performed [ 8 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 25 , 26 , 27 ], the influence of long alkyl groups in porphyrins on photocatalytic activity of these materials it still is exploited very little. In particular, in order to make the process even more environmentally friendly, it is interesting to use porphyrins derived from natural and renewable sources, such as the cardanol present in the cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), obtained as a byproduct of agribusiness of the cashew nut ( Anacardium occidentale L.) [ 28 , 29 ].…”

Efficient photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by using GO/hemin/TiO 2 nanocomposite under visible irradiation

“…In addition, hemin was also used to modify ZnO photocatalyst. The developed hemin complexed ZnO increases the photocatalytic degradation efficiency for 4‐nitrophenol in the presence of H 2 O 2 under UV light and sacrificial electron donor (TEOA) under visible light [17].…”