Photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine using hierarchical BiOCl microspheres: Some key operating parameters, degradation intermediates and reaction pathway
“…The diffraction peaks of all samples were fully indexed into BiOCl (JCPDS card number: PDF#06-0248) for the tetragonal system [ 12 ]. After the introduction of Dy, the diffraction peak of BiOCl had no obvious displacement, which was similar to the investigation of Eu-doped BiOCl.…”
Dy-doped BiOCl powder photocatalyst was synthesized A one–step coprecipitation method. The incorporation of Dy3+ replaced partial Bi3+ in BiOCl crystal lattice system. For Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation, 2% Dy doped BiOCl possessed highly efficient photocatalytic activity and photodegradation efficiency. The photodegradation ratio of RhB could reach 97.3% after only 30 min of photocatalytic reaction; this was more than relative investigations have reported in the last two years. The main reason was that the 4f electron shell of Dy in the BiOCl crystal lattice system can generate a special electronic shell structure that facilitated the transfer of electron from valance band to conduction band and separation of the photoinduced charge carrier. Apart from material preparation, this research is expected to provide important references for RhB photodegradation in practical applications.
“…The diffraction peaks of all samples were fully indexed into BiOCl (JCPDS card number: PDF#06-0248) for the tetragonal system [ 12 ]. After the introduction of Dy, the diffraction peak of BiOCl had no obvious displacement, which was similar to the investigation of Eu-doped BiOCl.…”
Dy-doped BiOCl powder photocatalyst was synthesized A one–step coprecipitation method. The incorporation of Dy3+ replaced partial Bi3+ in BiOCl crystal lattice system. For Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation, 2% Dy doped BiOCl possessed highly efficient photocatalytic activity and photodegradation efficiency. The photodegradation ratio of RhB could reach 97.3% after only 30 min of photocatalytic reaction; this was more than relative investigations have reported in the last two years. The main reason was that the 4f electron shell of Dy in the BiOCl crystal lattice system can generate a special electronic shell structure that facilitated the transfer of electron from valance band to conduction band and separation of the photoinduced charge carrier. Apart from material preparation, this research is expected to provide important references for RhB photodegradation in practical applications.
“…In the case of BiPO 4 the drug was completely removed from ultra pure water after 60 min of treatment (mercury lamp was used) (Xu et al 2013 ). (Gao et al 2015 ). Comparison of toxicity of carbamazepine solution before, during, and after direct photolysis treatment revealed that phototransformation products were more toxic than the parent compound.…”
Section: Photodegradation Studies On Psychotropic Drugsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…24 Products of UV/Cl 2 treatment of carbamazepine (Wang et al 2016 ; Zhou et al 2016 ) Fig. 25 Phototransformation products of carbamazepine after treatment with the use of bismuth-based photocatalysts (Xu et al 2013 ; Gao et al 2015 ) …”
Section: Photodegradation Studies On Psychotropic Drugsmentioning
Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC–MS, GC–MS, and LC–NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge.
“…A preliminary degradation pathway for OXC oxidation was proposed as shown in Fig. 8, based on the full scan mode obtained from HPLC-MS analysis and the information (Kosjek et al 2009;Lu et al 2009;Li et al 2011;Gao et al 2015a). Products molecular weight (MW) was assigned on the basis of the pseudo-molecular ions [M+H] + and three major intermediate products were identified in this study (the mass spectrums of compounds IV∼VI are shown in Fig.…”
Section: Contribution Of Hydroxyl Radical and Sulfate Radical In Uv/pmentioning
The degradation kinetics and mechanism of the antiepileptic drug oxcarbazepine (OXC) by UV-activated persulfate oxidation were investigated in this study. Results showed that UV/persulfate (UV/PS) process appeared to be more effective in degrading OXC than UV or PS alone. The OXC degradation exhibited a pseudo-first order kinetics pattern and the degradation rate constants (k obs) were affected by initial OXC concentration, PS dosage, initial pH, and humic acid concentration to different degrees. It was found that low initial OXC concentration, high persulfate dosage, and initial pH enhanced the OXC degradation. Additionally, the presence of humic acid in the solution could greatly inhibit the degradation of OXC. Moreover, hydroxyl radical (OH•) and sulfate radical (SO4 (-)••) were identified to be responsible for OXC degradation and SO4 (-)• made the predominant contribution in this study. Finally, major intermediate products were identified and a preliminary degradation pathway was proposed. Results demonstrated that UV/PS system is a potential technology to control the water pollution caused by emerging contaminants such as OXC.
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