Studies on photodegradation process of psychotropic drugs: a review

Abstract

Consumption of psychotropic drugs is still increasing, especially in high-income countries. One of the most crucial consequences of this fact is significant release of them to the environment. Considerable amounts of atypical antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, and their metabolites were detected in river, lake, and sea water, as well as in tissues of aquatic organisms. Their ecotoxicity was proved by numerous studies. It should be noticed that interaction between psychotropic pharmaceuticals and radiation may lead to formation of potentially more toxic intermediates. On the other hand, photo-assisted wastewater treatment methods can be used as an efficient way to eliminate them from the environment. Many methods based on photolysis and photocatalysis were proposed and developed recently; nevertheless, the problem is still unsolved. However, according to recent studies, photocatalysis could be considered as the most promising and far more effective than regular photolysis. An overview on photolytic as well as homogenous and heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation methods with the use of various catalysts is presented. The photostability and phototoxicity of pharmaceuticals were also discussed. Various analytical methods were used for the photodegradation research, and this issue was also compared and summarized. Use of high-resolution multistage mass spectrometry (Q-TOF, ion trap, Orbitrap) was suggested. The combined techniques such as LC–MS, GC–MS, and LC–NMR, which enable qualitative and quantitative analyses in one run, proved to be the most valuable in this case. Assembling of MS/MS spectra libraries of drug molecules and their phototransformation products was identified as the future challenge.

Simulation of phase I metabolism reactions of clozapine by HLM and photocatalytic methods with the use of UHPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS

“…The dissimilarity in kinetics models is frequently registered when direct photolysis and homogeneous or heterogeneous photocatalysis are compared. It has been noted that photocatalytic reactions kinetics depends on the catalyst loading and the compound concentration in this case (Trawiński & Skibiński, ; Trawiński, Skibiński, & Szymański, ).…”

A Critical View of the Application of the APEX Software (Aqueous Photochemistry of Environmentally-Occurring Xenobiotics) to Predict Photoreaction Kinetics in Surface Freshwaters

“…• OH 1 O2 3 CDOM* Ibuprofen [19] Φ = 0.33 k = 1.0 × 10 10 Based on the above data, it is possible to assess ibuprofen photodegradation and IBAP photogeneration kinetics for different environmental conditions. For instance, Figure 10 reports the calculation results as a function of the DOC, highlighting the contributions of the different photoreaction pathways.…”

“…This issue means that it is possible to study or model the photochemical functioning of natural waters, independently of the occurrence of pollutant photoreactions [9]. To date, most attention has been focused on the photochemical properties of the single molecules/pollutants by dividing them into "photostable" and "photolabile" ones [10]. In contrast, very little interest has been devoted to the photochemical characterization of natural ecosystems, despite the fact that their photoreactivity can also widely vary.…”

Light-sensitive medicinal compounds – the actual review of studies and strategies in proceedings

“…Differential Scanning Calorimetry, DSC) oraz spektroskopii w zakresie podczerwieni FTIR (ang. Fourier Transfer Infrared Spectroscopy) [38]. Podobnie butylo-metoksydibenzoilometan, który jest środkiem absorbującym promieniowanie UV i jest stosowany jako filtr w kosmetykach i preparatach przeciwsłonecznych, jest fotostabilny w kompleksie z HP-β-CD (hydroksypropylo-βcyklodekstryną) [24].…”

“…Metody chromatograficzne wykazują przewagę nad innymi metodami rozdzielania wszystkich związków w jednym cyklu, z zachowaniem dobrej selektywności, czułości, dokładności oraz precyzji. Z tego względu, techniki chromatograficzne są obecnie szeroko stosowane w celu opracowywania metod badania fotostabilności większości analitów, w tym związków nielotnych, wysoce polarnych bądź wrażliwych na ciepło [38].…”