Photobleaching Effect on Infrared Radiation-Induced Attenuation of Germanosilicate Optical Fibers at MGy Dose Levels

Campanella, Cosimo; Guttilla, Angela; Morana, Adriana; Michele, Vincenzo De; Muller, Cyprien; Aubry, M.; Mady, Franck; Marin, Emmanuel; Ouerdane, Y.; Boukenter, Aziz; Benabdesselam, Mourad; Girard, Sylvain

doi:10.1109/tns.2021.3068829

Cited by 14 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…[8,9] Also, it has recently been demonstrated that, for a commercial Ge-doped OF (Corning SMF-28), no photobleaching at all occurs at the telecommunication wavelengths even at MGy(SiO 2 ) dose levels (considering injected light powers made available by the current solid state laser technology). [10] Indeed, for doped-core OFs, the addition of dopants able to modify the refractive index of the OF (such as phosphorus, germanium, and others) has been observed to yield deeper, more stable traps which are not easily affected by the photobleaching process. Moreover, the wavelength of the injected light used to measure RIA (probing light) or to bleach point defects in a dedicated manner (bleaching light), which may also coincide, influences significantly the effectiveness of the phenomenon, [11][12][13] indeed not all the color centers composing the RIA respond to optical bleaching at a given wavelength.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobleaching Effect on the Radiation‐Induced Attenuation of an Ultralow Loss Optical Fiber at Telecommunication Wavelengths

Campanella

Morana

Michele

et al. 2021

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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Among the various advantages of optical fibers (OFs), low attenuation remains one of the most significant features, especially in the second and third telecom windows (around 0.5 and 0.2 dB km À1 ) at 1.31 and 1.55 μm wavelengths. [1] Ongoing studies are underway to limit as much as possible optical losses to overcome the limitations encountered in the design of telecommunication systems, to transfer information over longer distances (trans-oceanic transmission) without repeaters and/or signal regeneration. To date, the aforementioned attenuation limit, typically referring to commercial germanosilicate OFs (as the Corning SMF-28 and its latest enhanced versions) has been passed by a new generation of ultralow loss (ULL) OFs, whose core is composed essentially of pure silica (PSC-pure-silica core) with a low fluorine codoping. [2] With an appropriate and optimized manufacturing process, this new class of waveguides allows reducing the disorder in the microscopic glass structure and, as a result, the Rayleigh scattering losses that mostly explained the attenuation at Telecom windows. Losses as low as 0.14 dB km À1 at 1550 nm are today achieved. [2] When OFs are integrated in harsh environments associated with radiation constraints (e.g., space applications, fusiondevoted facilities, nuclear waste repositories), new sources of optical losses are added to the fiber intrinsic attenuation. In fact, radiations degrade the signal propagation inside the OF by generating radiation-induced point defects in the silica glass matrix. [3] These defects are associated with different absorption bands peaking in the ultraviolet, visible and infrared domains, reducing the silica transparency. This phenomenon, called radiation-induced attenuation (RIA), then logically depends on the OF intrinsic characteristics (chemical composition, geometry, and manufacturing process), on the environmental constraints (nature of particles, dose, dose rate, and temperature) as well as on the fiber profile of use (probing wavelength, signal power, and temperature). Indeed, all these parameters influence the defect generation efficiency or recovery processes through thermal or photo-assisted processes.From literature, it is known that PSC and F-doped OFs are, in terms of RIA, among the most radiation-resistant waveguides. [3,4] However, a new commercial ULL-PSC OF, the Corning Vascade EX1000, was recently found to be characterized by very high radiation-induced losses (up to a few dB m À1 after kGy dose levels) located in the infrared range of the spectrum. These losses were attributed to the presence of two overlapping absorption bands peaked around 1030 nm (%1.2 eV) and 1330 nm (%0.9 eV),

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confidence: 99%

Photobleaching Effect on the Radiation‐Induced Attenuation of an Ultralow Loss Optical Fiber at Telecommunication Wavelengths

Campanella

Morana

Michele

et al. 2021

Physica Status Solidi (a)

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“…It is known that radiation can cause an excessive attenuation in the fiber called Radiation-Induced Attenuation (RIA). 3,4 This phenomenon has been widely studied and is known to depend on numerous factors like fiber composition, [5][6][7][8] wavelength, 9 temperature, [10][11][12] or dose rate 13,14 among other factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The photobleaching light might be the measuring signal itself or it can be a secondary beam of light propagating down the same fiber. The phenomenon of photobleaching was known already in the 80s 18,19 and some work has been devoted to investigating it, 13,20,21 but very little at the cryogenic temperatures which we are interested in for superconductor quench protection. 22,23 Furthermore, since the phenomenon of photobleaching is intimately related to radiation-induced attenuation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitigation of radiation-induced attenuation of optical fibers through photobleaching: study of power dependence at cryogenic temperatures

Solis Fernandez,

Ludbrook,

Schuyt

et al. 2024

Sensors and Smart Structures Technologies for Civil, Mechanical, and Aerospace Systems 2024

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Radiation-induced attenuation can pose a great challenge to the implementation of optical sensors in extreme environments. Photobleaching is known to mitigate the damage caused by radiation but a lot is yet to be investigated. In this work, we look at the power-dependence of the photobleaching phenomenon at cryogenic temperature. We used three standard fibers carrying around 2mW of light at 1550nm and 4, 0.4, 0.09 of the light at 1050nm respectively; and a fourth standard control fiber that carried no photobleaching light. We observed a large reduction in radiation-induced attenuation in all of the fibers with light at 1050nm when compared to the control fiber. This reduction, however is not linear and saturates for higher powers. These results are consistent with our theoretical models.

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“…One of the most important defects related to applicative and basic research relevance is the Germanium Lone Pair Center (GLPC [19]) in Ge-doped silica, which is employed to produce one of the most common optical fiber types in telecommunications and sensing applications [20,21]. It is accepted that the GLPC is an electron donor and that its presence affects the sensitivity of the silica to radiation or laser exposure [11,16,22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

O2 Loaded Germanosilicate Optical Fibers: Experimental In Situ Investigation and Ab Initio Simulation Study of GLPC Evolution under Irradiation

et al. 2022

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In this work we present a combined experimental and ab initio simulation investigation concerning the Germanium Lone Pair Center (GLPC), its interaction with molecular oxygen (O2), and evolution under irradiation. First, O2 loading has been applied here to Ge-doped optical fibers to reduce the concentration of GLPC point defects. Next, by means of cathodoluminescence in situ experiments, we found evidence that the 10 keV electron irradiation of the treated optical fibers induces the generation of GLPC centers, while in nonloaded optical fibers, the irradiation causes the bleaching of the pre-existing GLPC. Ab initio calculations were performed to investigate the reaction of the GLPC with molecular oxygen. Such investigations suggested the stability of the dioxagermirane (DIOG) bulk defect, and its back conversion into GLPC with a local release of O2 under irradiation. Furthermore, it is also inferred that a remarkable portion of the O2 passivated GLPC may form Ge tetrahedra connected to peroxy bridges. Such structures may have a larger resistance to the irradiation and not be back converted into GLPC.

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Photobleaching Effect on Infrared Radiation-Induced Attenuation of Germanosilicate Optical Fibers at MGy Dose Levels

Cited by 14 publications

References 21 publications

Photobleaching Effect on the Radiation‐Induced Attenuation of an Ultralow Loss Optical Fiber at Telecommunication Wavelengths

Photobleaching Effect on the Radiation‐Induced Attenuation of an Ultralow Loss Optical Fiber at Telecommunication Wavelengths

Mitigation of radiation-induced attenuation of optical fibers through photobleaching: study of power dependence at cryogenic temperatures

O2 Loaded Germanosilicate Optical Fibers: Experimental In Situ Investigation and Ab Initio Simulation Study of GLPC Evolution under Irradiation

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