“…Traditionally, DNA substrates are prepared by annealing complementary oligonucleotides, one of which is 5′-end-labeled with 32 P. 1 , 3 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 However, there are caveats to using radioisotopes, most of which arise from the potential health hazards of radioactivity. For example, users require radiation training and a dedicated workspace and equipment for the safe handling, storage, and disposal of radioactive materials.…”