Phosphorylation of Myosin Regulatory Light Chain by Myosin Light Chain Kinase, and Muscle Contraction

Abstract

Not only muscle contraction, but also most cell movements depend on myosin -actin interaction using ATP. Many components of the contraction machinery are involved in the efficient coupling of energy source and force development. Among these, I have focused on myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) in this review. MLCK phosphorylates myosin regulatory light chain and controls all 3 types of muscle contraction: skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle. However, each muscle has specific MLCK and the role of MLCK in each muscle is different. This difference explains the specific role of each muscle in vivo and contributes to the activity of various force development in different ways in each tissue. Therefore, I also review the differences in the connection between each MLCK and muscle contraction in the 3 muscle types. (Circ J 2009; 73: 208 -213)

CBP501-Calmodulin Binding Contributes to Sensitizing Tumor Cells to Cisplatin and Bleomycin

“…MLC is known to be phosphorylated at Ser19 by the Ca 2þ /CaM-activated kinase, MLC kinase (MLCK; ref. 19). The level of MLCp-Ser19 was found to be decreased upon 15 minutes treatment with either CBP501 or CMZ (Fig.…”

A preferred AMPK phosphorylation site adjacent to the inhibitory loop of cardiac and skeletal troponin I

“…A number of myofilament proteins associated with the contractile apparatus are subject to regulation by direct phosphorylation including myosin regulatory light chain, 11,12 myosin binding protein C 13 and the troponin-tropomyosin complex. 14 Among these, the inhibitory subunit of the cardiac troponin (Tn) heterotrimer (cTnI) has emerged as a key regulatory phosphoprotein in the heart.…”

Four Dimensional (4-D) BioChemInfoPhysics Models of Cardiac Cellular and Sub-Cellular Vibrations (Oscillations)

“…Model developments: Based on the published experimental results [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , we approximately consider, BF in SR, cells or extra-cells, as quasi liquid plasmas in physics, the plasmas are quasi neutral electromagnetically; biological or biochemical components such as free Ca++ in BF, SR SubMembrane (SRSM) or Cell Membrane (CM), Ca++H+ (Ca++ or Na+K+) ATPases, NCX, Ca++ carriers and myosin heads, because disturbances, internal excitations or external stimulations always exist, often are displaced from their equilibrium positions or distances, the redistribution of charges and masses will respectively set up forces, tensions or pressures at the components. The forces, the tensions or the pressures will restore the components back to their original equilibrium positions or distances and could initiate a vibration (oscillation), even a resonance.…”

“…Scientists have studied the mechanisms for more than 100 years [2,3] and proposed models for the mechanisms. The models respectively involved mathematics [4,5] , biophysics [6,7] , biochemistry [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] . But, none involved the automation of the vibrations (oscillations) [2] .…”

“…In this investigation, based on published data or results [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] , conservation laws of the momentum as well as the energy, in views of biology, biochemistry, informatics and physics (BioChemInfoPhysics), we proposed models of cardiac cellular and sub-cellular vibrations (oscillations) of biological components, such as free ions in Biological Fluids (BF), Biological Membranes (BM), Ca++H+ (Ca++ and Na+K+) ATPases, Na+Ca++ exchangers (NCX), Ca++ carriers and myosin heads. Moreover, we discuss our models' general applications and general meanings in biology.…”