Four Dimensional (4-D) BioChemInfoPhysics Models of Cardiac Cellular and Sub-Cellular Vibrations (Oscillations)

Abstract

Problem statement: Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) continued to be the leading cause of death. Failure or abnormal cardiac cellular or sub-cellular vibrations (oscillations) could lead failure or abnormal heart beats that could cause CVD. Understanding the mechanisms of the vibrations (oscillations) could help to prevent or to treat the diseases. Scientists have studied the mechanisms for more than 100 years. To our knowledge, the mechanisms are still unclear today. In this investigation, based on published data or results, conservation laws of the momentum as well as the energy, in views of biology, biochemistry, informatics and physics (BioChemInfoPhysics), we proposed our models of cardiac cellular and sub-cellular vibrations (oscillations) of biological components, such as free ions in Biological Fluids (BF), Biological Membranes (BM), Ca++H+ (Ca++ and Na+K+) ATPases, Na+Ca++ exchangers (NCX), Ca++ carriers and myosin heads. Approach: Our models were described with 4-D (x, y, z, t or r, θ, z, t) momentum transfer equations in mathematical physics. Results: The momentum transfer equations were solved with free and forced, damped, un-damped and over-damped, vibrations (oscillations). The biological components could be modeled as resonators or vibrators (oscillators), such as liquid plasmas, membranes, active springs, passive springs and active swings.

Theoretically modeling oscillations and waves (EEG and MEG signals) of the brain neuronal fluids and extracellular fluids, using plasma hydrodynamics

“…In this study, our models are based on theories of the hydrodynamics and plasma physics [8][9][10][11][12] (and waves [13]), as well as published data of the brain or neuron sciences [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] and molecular biology [24].…”

Information Models of Acupuncture Analgesia and Meridian Channels

“…The nervous information is transmitted along the nerves. The propaganda attenuation of signals or information is compensated by the active transportation [34,37]. The information is mostly frequency encoded and (quasi) periodical functions [40].…”

“…Nervous sensors sample, collect and encode the information in the meridians. The nerves use biological energy (such as ATP), to actively transmit [37] the encoded information, activating potential signals while ascending or descending along the nervous system [34]. Moreover, crossings of information within a system or between the systems play very important roles in application of the acupuncture or EA analgesia.…”

“…To associate information, energy and matter, we defined three important attributes (or elements) of a signal: information intensity (default), energies and matters; and linked together these three important attributes in our most recent study [35]. We also modeled encoding, transmitting, coupling, decoding and processing of biomedical information in our previous studies [34][35][36][37].…”

“…We believe movements of acupuncture (or EA) or muscle contraction by nervous reflex could remove the block and cure the pain. We assume that the electric (or mechanic) stimulation periodically deforms the configuration of the nervous sensors by corresponding Lorentz (or Newtonian) forces (see Figure 2), if the stimulation is strong enough [37]. Since the electric resistance of dermis is only one-fifth of that of the subcutaneous fat [42] and approximately equal to that of parallel muscles [43], the electric stimulation currents will mostly flow in the dermis [44], parallel muscles and other meridian channels.…”