Phosphorus removal by an ‘active’ slag filter–a decade of full scale experience

Shilton, Andy; Elmetri, Ibrahim; Drizo, Aleksandra; Pratt, Steven; Haverkamp, Richard G.; Bilby, Stuart C.

doi:10.1016/j.watres.2005.11.002

Cited by 155 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Clear seasonal variations of TP removal observed for both types of wastewater, although not following the temperature fluctuations exactly suggested a dependence of temperature on TP retention, confirming the results reported by other authors [19,42,43], who recorded high P removal efficiency in summer and low value in winter. Within a certain scope, high temperature was beneficial to improve P retention capacity through favoring precipitation [44], which could partly explain the gradual increase of TP removal rate as the temperature rose since the period 2 and the negative removal during winter.…”

Section: The Role Of Vegetation Development On Tp Removal Performancesupporting

confidence: 90%

“…DW and SW were two types of representative wastewater frequently introduced into IVCW, but the information on the difference of P retention capacities of IVCWs dealing with them is not available, which is of great significance to specify real design for applicable large-scale IVCW system and suggestion for favorable operation and management strategies. In addition, the P retention capacity of CW could decrease with operation time; thus, long-term experiment is of great importance to provide relatively referable information for design and management of CW [18,19]. Nevertheless, most previous studies focused on P removal applying IVCWs had been conducted in column experiments employing various materials for P retention [15], less considering the cost and sustainability, consequently cannot probably provide practical information for the sustainable P removal of CW application project.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comparative evaluation of total phosphorus removal performances for treatment of domestic and secondary wastewater using integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands: two years’ experience

Chang

Zhang

et al. 2014

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TFour small-scale gravel-based integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands (IVCWs) were established to treat domestic and secondary wastewater (SW) in parallel under two loading rates (LRs) for an operational period of about two years and the total phosphorus (TP) removal performances were investigated and compared. Highly effective TP elimination sustained for about 10 d, with remarkable declines followed to relatively stable efficiencies for both types of wastewater. Significant difference of TP removal performance for the two types of wastewater was observed. In period 1, under high LR, the IVCWs performed better when treating domestic wastewater (DW), achieving average removal efficiency and rate of 51.6% and 0.389 g m, respectively, compared to those of 30.1% and 0.233 g mfor SW. However, in the operational period 2 fed with a low LR, better TP removal performance was achieved for SW, with reduction efficiency and rate of 41.5% and 0.057 g m −2 d −1 on average, while the corresponding value for the treatment of DW was just 12.5% and 0.023 g m. Significant correlations between TP removal efficiency and plant growth detected during this period and better developed vegetation in systems fed with SW might suggest the considerable role of plant growth, which could be influenced by inlet properties, on P retention and lifespan extending of constructed wetland. Gravel-based IVCW could be employed to remove low load of phosphorus and wastewater properties, and plant growth cycle should be taken into consideration in future IVCW design and application.

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Section: The Role Of Vegetation Development On Tp Removal Performancesupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative evaluation of total phosphorus removal performances for treatment of domestic and secondary wastewater using integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands: two years’ experience

Chang

Zhang

et al. 2014

Desalination and Water Treatment

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“…Materials such as acidic mine drainage residuals, steel smelter residues and shellsand have also been tested in practice as reactive media by constructing permeable barriers to treat agricultural runoff or wastewater from households (e.g., Penn et al 2007, Shilton et al 2006, Søvik and Kløve 2005. In fact, since the 1960s, researchers worldwide have carried out research on P-sorbing materials (e.g., Yee 1966, Neufeld and Thodos 1969, Shiao and Akashi 1977.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential and limitations of phosphate retention media in water protection: A process-based review of laboratory and field-scale tests

Klimeski¹,

Chardon²,

Туртола³

et al. 2012

AFSci

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The application of phosphorus (P)-sorbing materials offers a possible solution for treating municipal wastewater and agricultural runoff. In this paper we discuss P retention and release mechanisms, and review studies on the P retention of different materials and their use as reactive media in filter beds. The main mechanisms for P retention are sorption on metal (mostly Fe or Al) hydroxide surfaces and, in alkaline conditions, the formation of Ca-P precipitates. The retention of P is strongly affected by the chemical composition of a material, its particle size and pH-related effects on sorption and precipitation both during testing and in practical operation. Laboratory tests are sensitive to solution chemistry (pH, alkalinity, ionic strength and composition, P concentration) and affected by material-to-solution ratio, contact time and agitation. Moreover, due to deviations from realistic field conditions, laboratory tests may produce imprecise estimates of the retention capacity and retention kinetics. In particular, materials that contain soluble substances (e.g., CaO) that elevate the pH of the ambient solution to high levels may in batch tests suggest a high capacity for P retention, but will most probably show much lower retention in field settings. On the other hand, materials containing metal oxides also retain P via slow reactions, and their retention capacity may be underestimated in short equilibrations. Appropriate laboratory test procedures will depend on their intended applications and material properties. Long-term field-scale tests are few in number, but some of them have shown promising results. Field-scale tests have, however, highlighted the design of the filters as a critical factor in their efficiency.

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“…TSS concentrations were determined gravimetrically by weighing samples before and after drying at 55 ˚C for 2-3 days [26]. DRP concentrations were determined using the molybdate-reactive P method [21]. TP was determined by a standard microwave assisted digestion method using 10 mL of sample and 10 mL of concentrated HNO 3 , which was then microwaved [26].…”

Section: Eaf Steel Slag Filters Constructionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Over the past 15 years there has been significant scientific evidence showing the efficiency of electric arc furnace (EAF), blast furnace (BF) and iron melter (IM) steel slags in P removal from a variety of wastewaters [16][17][18][19][20]. However, despite this evidence, apart from New Zealand [18,20,21], there are currently very few full-scale steel slag filters in operation for the removal of P from wastewater [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EAF Steel Slag Filters for Phosphorus Removal from Milk Parlor Effluent: The Effects of Solids Loading, Alternate Feeding Regimes and In-Series Design

Bird

Drizo

2010

Water

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Electric arc furnace (EAF) steel slag filters were investigated for their efficiency at reducing the concentration of phosphorus (P) from dairy farm wastewater in Vermont. The primary objective for this study was to examine the use of in series design on filters' performance in P removal from dairy farm wastewater at subzero temperatures. Other research objectives were to investigate operational parameters such as the effects of total suspended solids (TSS) daily mass loading rates and of alternating feeding and resting periods on EAF steel slag filters' TSS, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiencies and filter system life-span. The utilization of in series filter design increased filter DRP removal efficiency by 35%. In series design also allows for alternating feeding and resting periods, which resulted in a 16%, 57% and 74% increase in TSS, DRP and TP removal efficiencies, respectively, by the first filter in series over a single period. Additionally, the system life span was extended 3.25 fold (from 52 to 169 day). Based on this research, we recommend alternate feeding and resting cycles and in series design to be integrated in the design of EAF steel slag filter systems for highly concentrated agricultural effluents in cold climates.

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Phosphorus removal by an ‘active’ slag filter–a decade of full scale experience

Cited by 155 publications

References 16 publications

Comparative evaluation of total phosphorus removal performances for treatment of domestic and secondary wastewater using integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands: two years’ experience

Comparative evaluation of total phosphorus removal performances for treatment of domestic and secondary wastewater using integrated vertical-flow constructed wetlands: two years’ experience

Potential and limitations of phosphate retention media in water protection: A process-based review of laboratory and field-scale tests

EAF Steel Slag Filters for Phosphorus Removal from Milk Parlor Effluent: The Effects of Solids Loading, Alternate Feeding Regimes and In-Series Design

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